World War II

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World War II
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World War II
What?
War involving nearly all the nations of the
world AGAIN

• When?

1939-1945 US Involvement 1941-1945
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• Why?

Failure of the Treaty of Versailles Weak League
of Nations Aggression by totalitarian powers
Rearmament Anti-Communism Belief in Fascism
Isolationism and pacifism Hitlers ideology
written in Mein Kampf Anti-Semitism
Lebensraum living room/space
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• Alliances

Axis Powers
Allied Powers
Germany Italy Japan
France Great Britain USSR United States
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• Where?

Theaters of war Atlantic Europe and
Africa Pacific Asia
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Who Major leaders of the war- the Allies

• Franklin D. Roosevelt-U.S. President
• Joseph Stalin-Soviet dictator
• Winston Churchill-British prime minister
• Harry Truman-US President after death of
  Roosevelt
• Dwight D. Eisenhower-U.S. general-commander in
  the Atlantic
• Douglas MacArthur-U.S. general-commander in the
  Pacific
• George Marshall-U.S. general- Plans for
  rebuilding Europe after the war

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Who Major leaders of the war- The Axis

• Benito Mussolini- Italian Dictator
• Adolf Hitler-Nazi dictator of Germany
• Hideki Tojo-Japanese general
• Hirohito-Emperor of Japan

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Events that lead to War Pre WWII Aggression
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Japanese Aggression

• 1931 Invade Manchuria
• 1933 Invade rest of China
• 1937 Rape of Nanking
• 1940 Occupy French Indochina (Vietnam)
• 1941 Take Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
• Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor

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Japanese Aggression

• Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

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Japanese Aggression

• Why invade Manchuria?
• The need for new markets and new sources of raw
  materials such as coal, oil, bauxite (for
  aluminum), and iron ore led Japan to invade and
  annex Manchuria, renaming it Manchukuo.
• China protested to the League of Nations, but the
  League was not able to stop the aggression.
• This failure showed the world that the League
  could not maintain world peace.

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Vocabulary

• Fascism ideology or attitude that favors
  dictatorial government, centralized control of
  private enterprise, repression of all opposition,
  and extreme nationalism.
  
• Marxist-Leninist Communism version of a classless
  society in which capitalism is overthrown by a
  working-class revolution that gives ownership,
  control of wealth and property to the state
• Communism (beginning with Stalin) any system of
  government in which a single, usually
  totalitarian, party holds power, and the state
  controls the economy

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Pre-War Italy

• Benito Mussolini
• Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943
  Centralized all power in himself as the
  leader. Ultimately in alliance with
  Hitler's Germany

il duce
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Pre-War Italy invades Ethiopia, 1935
Emperor Haile Selassie
Italys successful war against Ethiopia in
1935-1936 was opposed by the League of Nations,
so Mussolini was forced to seek an alliance with
Nazi Germany, which had withdrawn from the League
in 1933. 
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Pre-War Germany

• 1933-Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. He was
  convinced the Western powers had no intention of
  using force to maintain the Treaty of Versailles.

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Spanish Civil War-Italian Involvement
The Spanish Civil War 1936 - 1939
Francisco Franco
Italian troops in Madrid
Italian intervention in 1936-1939 on the side of
General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War
ended any possibility of Italian reconciliation
with France and Britain. Italy now had to side
with Germany.
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Spanish Civil War-German Involvement

• Why did Hitler aid Franco?
  Geopolitics he hoped for the
  establishment of another authoritarian regime on
  the border of his great enemy, France.
• He used Spain as a testing-ground for German
  military forces, and particularly his Luftwaffe,
  which in 1937 bombed Guernica, the first time a
  European city was flattened by area bombing.

Hitler And Franco
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Guernica by Pablo Picasso
Spanish Civil War
Guernica shows the tragedies of war and the
suffering it inflicts upon individuals,
particularly innocent civilians.
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Hitlers Initial Goal for Lebensraum

• Hitler wanted all German-speaking nations in
  Europe to be a part of Germany.
  He wanted to reunite Germany with his native
  homeland, Austria.
  Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
  Germany and Austria were forbidden to be unified.
  
  Hitler also wanted control of the ethnic
  Germans within an area of Czechoslovakia called
  the Sudetenland.

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German Aggression

• In March 7, 1936, Hitler sent German troops into
  the Rhineland, which was a demilitarized area.

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Italian and German Alliance

• Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936

The Pact of Steel Mussolini and Hitler
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Japanese - German - Italian Alliance

• Anti-Comintern Pact
• Agreement between Germany and Japan Nov. 25, 1936
  forming an alliance against communism.
• Italy joins Nov. 6, 1937

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The Austrian Anschluss
Hitler pursued a union with Austria, or
Anschluss. 12th March 1938- German troops
marched into Austria unopposed. Hitler now had
control of Austria. A month later, Hitler held a
rigged referendum. The results showed that the
Austrian people approved of German control of
their country.
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Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich
Czechoslovakia Crisis-1938
Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia, and made a Nazi
puppet state
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The Munich Pact-1938

• Britain, France, Germany and Italy met to address
  the Czechoslovakia Crisis.
• The goal of the leaders was to avoid war.
• Hitler promised that Czechoslovakia would be his
  last territorial demand in Europe.
• Sudetenland given to Germany in exchange for this
  promise.

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The Sudetenland
The Sudetenland
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The Munich Pact-1938
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Now we have peace for our time! Herr Hitler is
a man we can do business with.
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Appeasement

• After the Munich Conference, Prime Minister
  Chamberlain of Britain did not issue a strong
  statement in opposition to Hitlers actions.
• Chamberlain believed Hitler would not violate
  anymore agreements.
• Appeasement the political strategy of pacifying
  a potentially hostile nation in the hope of
  avoiding war, often by granting concessions

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Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
Hitler was afraid of an alliance between the West
and the Soviet Union. In August 1939, Germany and
the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression Pact. Germany and USSR promised
not to attack each other. Hitler offered Stalin
eastern Poland and the Baltic states. Hitler
knew that eventually he would break the pact.
The Pact enabled him to invade Poland without
fear
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Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

• The Soviet Union stayed out of the war in return
  for 1/2 of Poland

Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop Molotov
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The War Begins

• Poland Attacked Sept. 1, 1939

Great Britain and France declare war on Germany
September 3, 1939
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The War Begins- Why Poland?
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Blitzkrieg Lightning War

• Blitzkrieg a form of attack that used tank
  divisions supported by air attacks.

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The Phony War
October 1939-May 10, 1940. Germany built up
forces to invade France France established
defenses behind her Maginot Line a series of
strong fortifications on the French-German
Border. The Maginot Line did not extend north
beyond the border with Belgium
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Maginot Line

• The French had fortified their border with
  Germany along the Maginot Line, but the Germans
  surprised them by going around it.

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Maginot Line
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Germany Invades France
Battle of France May 10 June 22, 1940. The
Germans invaded the Netherlands and Belgium
bypassing the Maginot Line. Britain and France
moved to counter this attack.
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Germany Invades France

• The Germans trapped the entire British army and
  French forces on the beaches of Dunkirk.
• Germany controlled western and central Europe.
• Only Britain remained undefeated.

Dunkirk EvacuatedJune 4, 1940
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France Surrenders
June 22, 1940 France surrenders.
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Hitler and Nazis in France
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A Divided France
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A Divided France
A Divided France
A Divided France
Henri Pétain
Vichy France was unoccupied France, governed by
authoritarian regime under German control of
Henri Petain
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French Resistance
The Cross of Lorraine chosen by de Gaulle as the
symbol of the Free French Forces
The Free French
The Free French Forces were French fighters in
WWII who decided to continue fighting against
Axis forces after the surrender of France and
subsequent German occupation.
General Charles DeGaulle
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Britain Chamberlain to Churchill
May 10,1940 Churchill becomes Prime
Minister. Churchill offered no magic bullets, no
miracle solutions, and no false hope. May
13,1940 address to Parliament I would say to
the House, as I said to those who have joined
this government I have nothing to offer but
blood, toil, tears and sweat.
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Churchill A Great Leader
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Churchill Speeches
June 4, 1940 '... We shall go on to the end, we
shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas
and oceans, we shall fight with growing
confidence and growing strength in the air, we
shall defend our island, whatever the cost may
be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight
on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the
fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the
hills we shall never surrender ...'
'We shall fight on the beaches ...,
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Battle of Britain

• Hitler understood that he could not attack
  Britain by sea unless he first controlled the
  air.
• August 1940 the Luftwaffe- German air force-
  began a major bombing offensive against military
  targets in Britain.
• Aided by a good radar system, the British fought
  back but suffered critical losses.

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Battle of Britain

• German leaders destroy the British air force to
  stop it from sinking ships that would carry
  German soldiers across the English Channel.
• July 10, 1940, the Luftwaffe made their first
  bomber attack on British ships in the Channel.
• August, 1940 the German air force began its mass
  bomber attacks on British airfields, harbors,
  aircraft factories and radar stations.
• October 31, 1940, ends of the Battle of Britain.
• Britain wins.

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The Blitz Attack on British Cities
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What was the Blitz?

• Heavy and frequent bombing attacks on London and
  other cities in Britain, especially at night.
• Nightly German bombing raids, from September 7,
  1940 until May 16, 1941, attacked British cities,
  ports and industrial areas. Civilians?
• One third of London was destroyed.
• 32,000 civilians were killed and 87,000 were
  seriously injured.

Bomb shelter in the Tube
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What Effect Did War Have on People?

• World War II brought suffering and hardship.
• The peaceful routine of everyday life was
  shattered.
• Children were sent out of the cities to stay with
  strangers, away from the bombing.
• Families were broken up as men were sent to the
  front lines to fight, some never to return.
• Shops were empty and what was available was often
  rationed.

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Where was the US?

• The British asked the United States for help.
• The United States had a strict policy of
  isolationism.
• A series of neutrality acts passed in the 1930s
  prevented the United States from involvement in
  European conflicts.
• Though President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced
  the Germans, the United States did nothing at
  first.

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Lend-Lease Act 1941
President Roosevelt had virtually unlimited
authority to direct material aid such as
ammunition, tanks, airplanes, trucks, and food to
the war effort in Europe without violating the
U.S. official position of neutrality.
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The Atlantic Charter

• Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship
  in August 1941.
• Solidifies alliance.
• Fashioned after Wilsons 14 Points.
• Calls for League of Nations type organization.

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The Atlantic Charter United Nations
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Germany Invades USSR

• June 22, 1941
• Germany launched a surprise attack on the Soviet
  Union.
• Breaks the Non-Aggression Pact.
• The U.S. decided to extend Lend-Lease aid to the
  Soviets as well.

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Operation Barbarossa
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Operation Barbarossa
The attack on the Soviet Union stretched out for
1,800 miles. German troops moved quickly and
captured two million Russian soldiers by
November. The Germans were within 25 miles of
Moscow. Winter came early in 1941 and, combined
with fierce Russian resistance, forced the
Germans to halt. This marked the first time in
the war that the Germans had been stopped.
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Operation Barbarossa
The Germans were not equipped for the bitter
Russian winter. In December, the Soviet army
counterattacked. A new coalition was formed
called the Grand Alliance Great Britain, the
Soviet Union, and the United States. The three
nations agreed to focus on military operations
and ignore political differences. They agreed in
1943 to fight until the Axis PowersGermany,
Italy, and Japan surrendered unconditionally.
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• European Theater of Operations

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Pearl Harbor Background
Japan Wars of aggression in Asia. Army, Navy
and Air Force undefeated. Technology and soldiers
used the latest strategy. Signed a pact with Nazi
Germany (and Italy) because Germany becoming the
preeminent power in the West The Tripartite
Pact, Sept 1940. Only the United States of
America is managing to curb Japans ambition by
restricting her oil supplies.
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The Pacific ocean showing the proximity of
USA and Japan to Hawaii.
Pearl Harbor Background
Japan
Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor-and more!
On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the
Philippines and the British colony of Malaya
simultaneously. Japan invaded the Dutch East
Indies and other islands in the Pacific Ocean.
By the spring of 1942, the Japanese controlled
almost all of Southeast Asia and much of the
western Pacific
USS Arizona
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Pearl Harbor-Effects
The Japanese thought that their attacks on the
U.S. fleet would destroy the U.S. Navy and lead
the Americans to accept Japanese domination in
the Pacific. The attack on Pearl Harbor had the
opposite effect. It united the American people
and convinced the nation that it should enter the
war against Japan.
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Pearl Harbor

• 5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE
• (as noted by the U.S. Navy)
• PHASE 1 Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber
  attacks lasting from 755 a.m. to 825 a.m.
• PHASE 2 Lull in attacks lasting from 825 - 840
  a.m.
• PHASE 3 Horizontal bomber attacks from 840
  915 a.m.
• PHASE 4 Dive bomber attacks between 915-945
  a.m.
• PHASE 5 Warning of attacks and completion of
  raid after 945 a.m.

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• Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will live
  in infamy the United States of America was
  suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and
  air forces of the Empire of Japan.
• Who said this?
• Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v3VqQAf
  74fsE

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Effects of Pearl Harbor
Hitler thought that the Americans would be too
involved in the Pacific to fight in Europe. Four
days after Pearl Harbor, Hitler declared war on
the United States. World War II had become a
global war.
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The US Enters The War

• The US enters the war on the Allied side.
  The tide turns in favor of the Allies.

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Pearl Harbor Today
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Pearl Harbor Today
USS Arizona Memorial
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END
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American soldiers watch as the Tricolor flies
from the Eiffel Tower again
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Coutances, France
"Once there was a church" 
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Yalta
Yalta Conference in February 1945
Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and
Joseph Stalin
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Italy-The Soft Underbelly of Europe
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War in the Pacific

• U.S. troops surrender to the Japanese in the
  Philippine Islands, May 6, 1942. A total of
  11,500 Americans and Filipinos became POWs.

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