APHG Unit 1 Review

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APHG Unit 1 Review

• The Nature and Perspectives of Geography

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Historical Foundations of Geography

• What is geography?
• A description of the Earths surface and the
  people and processes that shape its landscapes
• It is a science and an art
• Grandfather of all social sciences
• Geography is the stage upon which history is
  set-Dr. Jeff
• Geography is where its at-Chuck Norris

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The Greeks

• The Greeks were the first people to study
  Geography as a science
• Classical Greek literature like the Odyssey are
  filled with Geographic accounts
• Eratosthenes the Father of Geography
• First used the term geography
• Determined Earths circumference using the angle
  of the sun and two points on Earth
• 99.5 accurate

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The Age of Exploration

• Marco Polos travels in the 14th century inspired
  Europeans to explore the world
• Cartography the art of creating maps

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The Modern Period

• In 1888, the National Geographic Society was
  formed
• Around that time, different schools of geography
  came about
• Environmental Determinism cultures are a direct
  result of where they exist
• Warmer climates cause people to be lazy
• Europeans were more motivated, intelligent, and
  advanced because of the temperate climate
• Prejudiced and embarrassing theory

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Possibilism

• Humans are not a product of their environment,
  but can modify the environment to meet their
  needs
• Terraced farming
• Air conditioning

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Geography Today

• If you want to make money in geography, go into
  the field of Geographical Technology
• GPS uses latitudinal and longitudinal
  coordinates to determine an exact location
• Uses satellite technology
• GIS uses geographic information and layers it
  into a new map showing geographic data
• Google Earth

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Maps

• A map is a representation of the Earths surface
• Scale the relationship of the size of the map to
  the amount of area it represents on the planet
• The smaller the scale, the less detail is on the
  map
• Large scale maps show more detail
• A world map has the smallest scale

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Distortion

• Distortion occurs when a three-dimensional object
  (Earth), is put on a two-dimensional map
• The larger the scale, the less distortion
• City maps have little distortion
• The farther one goes from the Equator, the
  greater the distortion

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Equal-Area Projection
Keeps the size of the or amount of area intact,
but distorts the shape of the continents
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Conformal Map
Distorts area, but keeps shapes intact
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Mercator Map
Useful for determining distance, but it
exaggerates the land around the polar regions.
All lines of latitude and longitude meet at right
angles
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Cylindrical Map
Shows true direction Mercator Map is best example
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Planar Projection
Shows true direction and examines Earth from one
point
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Azimuthal Map
Planar projection that shows the Earth from the
poles
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Conic Projection
Cone-like map that tries to maintain distance,
but loses directional qualities
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Oval Projection
Combination of cylindrical and conic projections
most commonly used small scale map by
Geographers Robinson Projection is oval
projection also my favorite
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Thematic Map
Maps created for a specific purpose, or to
represent a particular theme
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Choropleth Map
Put data in spatial format by assigning colors or
patterns to areas
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Dot Map
The size of the dot determines the amount
measured the bigger the dot, the greater the
measurement
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Cartogram
A variable ,like population, is substituted for
land size
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Flow-Line Map
Map used to determine direction of movement, like
migration
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Toponym

• Place names on maps
• Quebec uses religious toponyms
• Sometimes the color or the size of the writing
  indicates importance of the place

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Five Themes of Geography

• Geographers have divided the field into two
  subjects Physical Geography and Human Geography
• Physical Geography examines the physical features
  on the Earth like landforms, climate, and
  vegetation
• Human Geography is the study of human
  characteristics on the landscape
• What impact have humans made on the Earths
  surface?

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Place

• Place is the description of what and how we see
  and experience a certain aspect of the Earths
  surface
• Place describes what a location is like
• Physical characteristics include climate,
  landforms, and vegetation
• Human characteristics include culture, cities,
  and other changes to the environment

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Region

• Region links places together using any parameter
  a geographer chooses
• A region is an area that displays a coherent
  unity in terms of the government, language, or
  possibly the landform or situation
• Regions can range in size from a single place up
  to a global area
• Examples Midwest, Bible Belt, Anglo-America,
  Europe

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Formal Region

• Formal Regions are those defined by governmental
  or administrative boundaries
• Because most governments and geographers agree on
  the definitions, they are unlikely to be disputed
• Physical regions fall under this category
• Example The Rocky Mountains, The United States,
  Houston

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Functional Regions

• Functional regions are those defined by a
  function
• If the function ceases to exist, the region also
  ceases to exist
• Usually centered around a point or node
• The further one moves from the point, the less
  one will feel the influence
• Distance Decay
• Examples Newspaper route, school attendance
  zone, radio stations, malls

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Perceptual/Vernacular Regions

• Vernacular regions are those loosely defined by
  people's perception or feelings
• Example The South, Midwest, Middle East

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Location

• Location answers the question, where?
• Absolute location uses latitude and longitude or
  a street address to determine exact location
• Relative location gives location in reference to
  another location
• Described by landmarks, time, direction or
  distance from one place to another

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Site and Situation

• Site refers to the internal, physical
  characteristics of a place that are unlikely to
  change
• Situation is defined as the location of a place
  relative to its surroundings and other places
• Factors included in an area's situation include
  the accessibility of the location, the extent of
  a place's connections with another, and how close
  an area may be to raw materials if they are not
  located specifically on the site

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Latitude and Longitude

• Latitude lines are parallel lines that run
  east-west on the surface of the Earth
• They are measured in degrees North or South of
  the Equator
• When giving coordinates, latitude is used first
• Longitude lines are parallel lines that run
  north-south on the surface of the Earth
• They are measured in degrees East or West of the
  Prime Meridian
• The Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich, England

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Human-Environmental Interaction

• Human-Environmental Interaction describes how
  people modify or alter the environment to meet
  their needs
• Humans usually do not live in the five toos too
  hot, too cold, too wet, too dry, or two hilly
• Examples terraced farming, housing, roads,
  cities, air conditioning, dams

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Movement

• Movement, or spatial interaction, looks at how
  people, goods, and ideas move across the Earths
  surface
• Migration people moving
• Trade goods moving
• Ideas diffusion or communication

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Diffusion

• Diffusion is the movement of any characteristic
• Diffusion relates to the movement theme of
  Geography
• A hearth is where the characteristic began

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Relocation Diffusion

• Relocation Diffusion is the physical spread of
  cultures, ideas, and diseases through people
• Usually occurs with migration
• Examples Bubonic Plague, colonization of North
  America, religion and language in South America
• Migration diffusion a particular type of
  relocation diffusion associated with the movement
  of people

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Expansion Diffusion

• Expansion Diffusion is the spread of a
  characteristic from a central node or hearth
  through various means
• Hierarchical Diffusion the idea that a
  phenomenon spreads by the social elite, and then
  filters down through the masses
• Example Fashion, AIDS
• Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion when a phenomenon
  spreads first through the masses, and works up to
  the social elite
• Example Nascar, Walmart, Rap Music

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Contagious Diffusion

• Contagious Diffusion is a type of expansion
  diffusion usually associated with a disease
• The phenomenon spreads without regard to race,
  social status, or family status
• Examples the plague, or the Internet
• AIDS is not contagious diffusion

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Stimulus Diffusion

• Stimulus Diffusion is a type of expansion
  diffusion where part of an idea spreads and
  creates an innovative product
• Example technology, McDonalds in India

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Distribution

• Everything on the Earths surface has a physical
  location and is organized in space
• This is called distribution
• The three types of distribution are density,
  concentration, and pattern

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Density

• Density is how often an object occurs within a
  given area or space
• Population Density looks at how many people
  occupy a given amount of space
• Physiological Density refers to the number of
  people divided by the arable (farmable) land
• Arithmetic Density calculates the density using
  all land in a given area

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Concentration

• Concentration refers to the proximity of a
  particular phenomenon over the area in which it
  is spread
• To rank concentration, a person must count the
  same number of objects in different areas
• Objects are considered clustered or agglomerated
  if they are close together
• Objects are considered dispersed or scattered if
  they are spread out

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Pattern

• Pattern relates to how objects are organized in
  their space
• Patterns are described using geometric shapes
• Hexagon is the best shape
• Linear pattern the objects are along a single
  line
• Example gas stations along a highway
• Centralized the objects are clustered together
• Example Ethnic neighborhoods, flower district
• Random Distribution lack of pattern on the
  landscape