APHG Unit Four Review

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APHG Unit Four Review

• Political Organization of Space

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Political Geography

• Political Geography is the study of the political
  organization of the planet
• Since the beginning of history, humans have
  divided the planet into political units, or
  territories
• Territoriality effort to control pieces of the
  Earths surface for political and social reasons
• Political Culture the collection of political
  beliefs, values, practices, and institutions that
  the government is based on

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Boundaries

• A state is separated from its neighbor by
  boundaries, or invisible lines that mark the
  extent of a states territory and the control the
  leaders have
• Historically, frontiers separated states
• Frontier a geographic zone where no state
  exercises power
• Ex Antarctica and the Rub al-Khali

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Types of Boundaries

• Physical Boundary Rivers, lakes, and oceans are
  the most common also include mountains and
  deserts
• Law of the Sea coastal boundaries extend 12
  nautical miles from the coast

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Types of Boundaries

• Cultural Boundaries boundary set by ethnic
  differences such as language and religion
• Ex India and Pakistan
• Geometric Boundaries straight, imaginary lines
  that generally have a reason behind them

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Morphology

• Territorial Morphology is a term that describes
  the shapes, sizes, and relative locations of
  states

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Shapes of States

• .   

• Compact The most efficient form.
• A state whose territory is nearly circular.
  Because all places could be reached from the
  center in a minimal amount of time making it the
  most efficient for roads, railway lines, other
  infrastructure.

Examples Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda
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Shape of States

• The proruption can be a physical (penninsula)
  elongation of land or may have economic or
  strategic significance access to resources,
  sea, establishment of a buffer zone, etc
• Examples Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Prorupt - A state that is nearly compact but
  possess one or two narrow extensions of
  territory, which isolates a portion of the state.
  

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Shape of States

• Elongated A state whose territory is long and
  narrow. The least efficient shape
  administratively. It may sacrifice national
  cohesion to promote eco strength.

Example Chile, Italy, and Gambia
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Shape of States

• Fragmented Entirely made up of islands or
  territory, separated by another state, or is a
  state with an offshore island.
• - contains isolated parts, separate and
  discontinuous.

Examples Indonesia, United States, former East
and West Pakistan
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Shape of States

•   Perforated - A state that completely surrounds
  a territory that it does not rule.
• That area is called an enclave and it may be
  independent or part of another state.
• (Enclaves are territories or outliers located
  inside another state.)

Example Italy or South Africa
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Size of States

• Microstates a country with a land size of a few
  square miles
• Examples Vatican City, Monaco
• Russia is the largest country in the world,
  followed by Canada, China, the United States, and
  Brazil

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Relative Location of States

• Landlocked State countries lacking an ocean
  coastline, and surrounded by other states
• Sometimes a landlocked country will try to access
  a foreign port, or become prorupted
• Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked state

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Functions of Boundaries

• Boundaries serve as symbols of sovereignty, or
  the ability of the state to carry out actions or
  policies within its borders
• Sovereignty promotes nationalism, or a sense of
  unity with fellow citizens and loyalty to the
  state
• Internal Boundaries boundaries within a state
• Ex The United States, Canada, China

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Boundary Disputes

• Almost half of the worlds states have been
  involved in boundary disputes
• Positional Dispute occurs when states argue
  about where the boundary actually is
• Ex Argentina and Chile

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Boundary Disputes

• Territorial Disputes arise over ownership of a
  region, usually around mutual border
• Usually one state claims the other should belong
  to them due to ethnic and language commonalities
• Ex German invasion of Poland

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Boundary Disputes

• Resource Dispute dispute involving natural
  resources that lie in border areas
• Ex Iraq and Kuwait
• Functional Dispute arise when neighboring states
  cannot agree on policies that arise in a border
  area
• Ex US and Mexico border

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The Nation-State

• State a territorially organized piece of land,
  or country
• Institution stable, long-lasting organizations
  that help to turn political ideas into policies
• Nation a group of people that is bound together
  by a common political identity

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The Nation-State

• A nation-state is a state whose territorial
  extent coincides with a group of people, or
  nation
• Examples Denmark, Iceland, The United States
• Binational/Multinational State a state with more
  than one nation
• Ex The former USSR
• Stateless Nation a group of people without a
  country
• Ex Palestine, the Kurds

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Organization of States

• Core Area the heartland of an area identified
  by levels of population concentration and
  transportation networks
• Multicore State a state with more than one core
  area
• Example Nigeria

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The Capital City

• In most states, the capital is not only the
  center of government, but also the economic and
  cultural center
• Primate City the largest city in a nation and
  one where the second largest city is
  significantly smaller
• Forward Capital the capital city serves as a
  model for national objectives
• Ex Japan

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Electoral Geography

• Electoral Process the methods used in a country
  for selecting its leaders
• Electoral Geography the study of how the spatial
  configuration of electoral districts and voting
  patterns reflect and influence social life
• Gerrymandering the attempt to redraw boundaries
  to improve chances of winning election
• Minority/Majority Districting rearranging
  districts to allow a minority representative to
  be elected
• Ex North Carolina

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Colonialism and Imperialism

• Colonies Dependent areas given fixed and
  recorded boundaries where none existed before
• Imperialism empire building

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Systems of States

• Unitary System one that concentrates all
  policymaking powers in one central geographic
  place (European States)
• Confederal System spreads the power among many
  sub-units and has a weak federal government
  (Switzerland)
• Federal System divides power between strong
  central government and sub-units (US, Canada,
  Australia)

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Supranational Organizations

• Cooperating groups of nations that operate on
  either a regional or international level for all
  major decisions and rules

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Challenges to the Modern State

• Centripetal Forces bring people together
• Includes Nationalism, Institutions, Television,
  and Transportation
• Centrifugal Forces destabilizes the government
  and encourages the country to fall apart
• Includes Multinationalism, Religious Conflicts,
  and Separatist Movements

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Devolution

• Devolution is the tendency to decentralize
  decision-making to regional governments

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Devolution-Ethnic Forces

• Ethnic forces that can cause devolution usually
  occur because of multinationalism an ethnic
  group sees itself as a separate unity from the
  state
• Examples Canada and Ireland

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Devolution-Economic Forces

• Economic forces can devolve a state if the
  economic activities of the state vary by region
  one region of the state does better economically
  than the rest of the state
• Examples Italy and Spain

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Devolution-Spatial Forces

• Spatial forces cause devolution if a part of the
  state is separated from the rest of the state due
  to physical or other barriers
• Examples East and West Pakistan and Puerto Rico

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Geopolitics

• The study of the spatial and territorial
  dimensions of power relationships within the
  political-territorial order
• Friedrich Ratzel developed the study of
  geopolitics compared the state to an organism
  with a predictable rise and fall of power
• Used by Hitler

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Geopolitics

• Halford Mackinder was concerned with the power
  relationship around Britains empire believed
  Britains empire revolved around the sea, but
  eventually a land-based power would rule the
  world
• Heartland Theory the pivot area of the world
  (Eurasia), hold the resources to dominate the
  world
• Used by Russia after WW II

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Geopolitics

• Rimland Theory challenges the Heartland Theory
  says the Eurasian Rim holds the power to dominate
  the world rim includes land that encircles the
  Heartland and includes China, Korea, Japan, SE
  Asia, India, the Arabian Peninsula, and Europe
• Developed by Nicholas Spykman

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Supranational Organizations

• The United Nations (UN)
• 191 Member States
• Membership is voluntary
• UN Peacekeeping Forces
• Security Council (US, Britain, France, China, and
  Russia)
• World Bank and International Court of Justice
• Anyone for Model UN next year?

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Supranational Organizations

• North American Treaty Organization (NATO)
• 28 Member Nations including the US, Canada, and
  Turkey
• Developed as a political association
• The combined spending of NATO on defense is 70
  of the worlds defense spending

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Supranational Organizations

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (OPEC)
• 12 Member Countries including Venezuela, Ecuador,
  and Nigeria
• Purpose is to control the worldwide supply of oil
• Powerful political force as well

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Supranational Organizations

• North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
• Agreement between the United States, Canada, and
  Mexico
• Trade bloc designed to promote economic prosperity

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Supranational Organizations

• European Union (EU)
• 27 Member States
• Economic and Political agreements
• Three Pillars of the EU
• Trade and other economic matters including a
  single currency and European Central Bank
• Justice and home affairs asylum, border
  crossing, immigration, and international justice
• Common foreign and security policy joint
  positions and actions, common defense policy

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Forces of Change

• Democratization
• Movement toward Market Economies
• Revival of Ethnic or Cultural Politics

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Democratization

• The movement of a countrys government towards a
  democracy
• First Wave developed gradually over time
• Second Wave occurred after the Allied victory in
  WW II
• Third Wave began in the 1970s and is continuing
  today characterized by defeat of dictator or
  totalitarian rule in South America, Eastern
  Europe, and Africa Samuel Huntington

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Movement Towards Markets

• Many countries are moving from socialism towards
  capitalism
• Command Economy supply determined by the state
• Market Economy demand determined by consumer
• Mixed Economy Government has a say in what is
  produced, but competition still exists
• Ex Germany
• Privatization the transfer of state-owned
  property to private ownership

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Revival of Ethnic of Cultural Politics

• Fragmentation divisions based on ethnic or
  cultural identities
• Nationalism identities based on nationhood
• Politicization of Religion the domination of
  religion in World Politics
• Samuel Huntington claims our next worldwide
  conflict will be based on clashes of civilizations