APHG Unit Two Review

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APHG Unit Two Review

• Population

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Intro to Population

• The worlds population is currently greater than
  6.5 billion people
• Population has been increasing for as long as
  humans have been on the planet
• During the last 100 years, the worlds population
  has exploded
• Population Explosion a crisis in some LDCs
  where the countrys resources cannot support the
  growing population

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Demography

• The study of population characteristics is called
  demography
• Demographic statistics include
• Crude Birth Rate the number of live births per
  1,000 people in the population
• Crude Death Rate the number of deaths per 1,000
  people in the population

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Overpopulation

• Overpopulation is defined as the lack of
  necessary resources to meet the needs of the
  population of a defined area
• Includes food, water, and shelter
• Carrying capacity the ability of the land to
  sustain a certain number of organisms
• Overpopulation occurs when the population exceeds
  the carrying capacity
• Habitable land is called ecumene

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The Five Toosagain

• People tend not to live in areas where it is too
  hot, too cold, too hilly (two), too wet, or too
  dry
• Because of this, humans occupy a small part of
  the planet

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Underpopulation

• Some parts of the world are underpopulated
• Underpopulation occurs when an area is sparsely
  populated and dominated by agriculture
• Example Midwest

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Population Density

• Arithmetic Density divides the population by
  land area also called population density
• Physiological Density divides the total
  population by the land used by humans
• Agricultural Density the number of farmers
  divided by the amount of arable land

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Malthus

• Thomas Malthus was a British economist who wrote
  in the late 1700s
• He claimed that the rate of population was
  growing at a faster rate than food productivity
• Malthus was first to use the term overpopulation
• His concern was that population was growing at
  exponential rate, and agricultural production was
  growing at linear rate

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Types of Growth

• Linear Growth growth that occurs evenly across
  each unit of time
• Exponential Growth growth as a percentage of the
  total population
• Example Imagine a village with 100 people with a
  10 percent growth rate
• Linear Growth the population increases by ten
  every year
• Exponential growth the population increases by
  10 the first year, 11 the second year, and so on
• After ten years, the first village would have
  200. The second village would have 234.

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Criticisms of Malthus

• Malthus was correct about the population growth,
  but not the agricultural production
• New inventions and technology increased
  productivity
• The world currently can produce enough food to
  feed itself
• neo-Malthusians the theory that if there are
  multiple minority groups and no majority groups
  in a population, the growth rate will eventually
  resemble the growth rate of the fastest-growing
  group within the country
• US will have exponential growth due to immigration

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Demographic Transition Model

• Indicator of what will happen to a society or
  countrys population
• Based on three factors the birth rate, the death
  rate, and the total population
• Has four or five stages
• Every country goes through each stage, and does
  not regress, unless disaster occurs

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Stage 1 Hunting and Gathering

• Society has a low population
• High Birth Rate
• High Death Rate
• Population growth determined by food supply
• When food abundant, people have more children
• When food scarce, people abstain
• Examples Aborigines of Australia

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Stage 2 Agricultural Society

• Rapid population growth occurs
• Birth rates stay high
• Death rates decline sharply due to food sources
  and better medical care
• The majority of the population is involved in
  farming mainly subsistence
• Basic technology
• Children seen as security
• Example Liberia

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Stage 3 Industrial Society

• Population growth still grows, but not as rapidly
  as in stage 2
• Birth rates decline
• Death rates decline
• Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s in
  Europe that allowed many countries to adopt
  mechanized system of farming
• Children become liability instead of asset
• Example Bolivia

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Stage 4 Tertiary Societies

• Characterized by zero-population growth
• Birth rates equal death rates
• Society moves from industry to service based
  society
• Natural Increase Rate is at or below 2
• Some countries are experiencing negative
  population growth
• Example Germany and Japan

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More population statistics

• Infant Mortality Rate the number of babies per
  1,000 that die before their first birthday
• Total Fertility Rate the number of babies the
  average woman delivers during her childbearing
  years

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Population Distributions

• Demography is not only about the population
  numbers, but about the characteristics of the
  population itself
• Sex ratio the number of males compared to
  females in a population
• Population Pyramid a visual representation of a
  countrys population

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High, Slow Negative Growth

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Population Structure

• Population projections make predictions of
  future populations
• Dependency Ratio the number of people aged 0-14
  or over 65 that rely on other people to take care
  of them
• Demographic momentum a continued population
  increase as a result of a large segment of the
  population being young

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More stats

• Demographic Equation the global births minus the
  global deaths and determines population growth
  for the world
• Doubling Time the amount of time it will take
  the population to double in size
• Sustainability saving resources for future
  generations so that they can live at the same or
  higher standard than people living today

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Curves

• J-Curve developed by Ian Bremmer places
  countries on a scale determined by their openness
  and stability graphically illustrates the
  population explosion
• S-Curve looks at population growth along the
  Demographic Transition Model

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Population J-Curve
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Population Increase

• Medical Advances New medicines and inoculations
  disease diffusion does not occur as frequently as
  it used to
• Quantity and Quality of Food increases in
  Agricultural technology have increased food
  supply
• Ethnic and Religious Issues Birth control is
  forbidden in some religions
• Economic Issues Population increases in
  agricultural society, and decreases in tertiary
  societies

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Population Decreases

• Natural Disasters Earthquakes, famines, and
  plagues can wipe out a large percentage of the
  population
• War or Political Turmoil death by war and
  refugees
• Economic Issues main reason people migrate is
  for economic opportunities