Title: Presentaci
1Kingdom Plantae
2Characteristics of plants
- All Plants Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic
- Used for Classification
- Pigments chlorophyll, carotenoids,
fucoxanthins, xanthophylls - Energy Storage starches
- Tissues vascular/non for transporting H2O
nutrients - Structures roots, stems, leaves
- Life Cycles/Alternation of Generations
- gametophytes n, sporophytes 2n
- Reproduction presence/absence of seed
- presence/absence of fruit
3Characteristics of plants
- Mainly terrestrial and sessile
- Display an alternation of generations.
- sporophyte and gametophyte are heteromorphic-the
two generations look and develop differently from
each other. - In algae the gametophyte is dominant, in most
plants the sporophyte is dominant. - Sugars made via photosynthesis are used as a fuel
source for growth and also stored as the complex
carbohydrate starch. - Cell walls are made of cellulose.
- The Source of the Oxygen Produced by
Photosynthesis - Photophosphorylation
- Tracing the Pathway of CO2
4Alternation of Generations
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6- Unlike algae, plants have vascular tissue
- It transports water and nutrients throughout the
plant body - It provides internal support
- How is vascular tissue arranged
- differently in C3 and C4 plants?
7Making the move to dry land
Required several evolutionary breakthroughs. What
would be the key adaptations needed if you are
going from an aquatic to a terrestrial existence?
Cooksonia
Charophyte
Modern angiosperm
8Terrestrial Challenges Adaptations
- Air offers no support to fight gravity.
- Water is less available which results in
dessication, immotility of sperm, lack of
absorption, problems with gas exchange and a need
for conduction - Nutrients and water are in soil, but CO2 and
light are above ground.
- Protective covering to prevent dehydration
- Transport system for water nutrients
- Structural system for support (woody tissue)
- Discrete organs- roots, stems, leaves
gametangia. - Protective covering for gametes embryos
- Mechanism to allow sperm to get to egg
9Cladogram of the major plant groups
- 4 Major Plant Groups
- Bryophytes?Nonvascular Plants
- Pteridophytes? Vascular Plants without Seeds
- Gymnosperms? Vascular Plants with Naked Seeds
- Angiosperms? Vascular Plants with Seeds, Flowers,
and Fruits
10Avascular Plants Mosses, Hornworts Liverworts
11Life Cycle of a Moss
12Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, Club mosses,
Horsetails and Whisk ferns
- New evolutionary adaptations
- Waxy cuticle
- Gametangia
- Features still absent in this group
- No well developed vascular system
- No support system
- Require water for sperm to swim to egg
13Cuticle waxy covering on the surface of plant
stems and leaves which prevents
desiccation Stoma (stomata) microscopic pore
surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of
stems and leaves that allows gas exchange
14Figure 29.11 The life cycle of a fern
Fern Life Cycle1, 2
15Seedless plants formed vast coal forests
- Ferns and other seedless plants once dominated
ancient forests - Their remains formed coal
- Gymnosperms that produce cones, the conifers,
largely replaced the ancient forests of seedless
plants - These plants remain the dominant gymnosperms
today
16A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny
gametophytes in its cones
- Sporangia in male cones make spores that develop
into male gametophytes - These are the pollen grains
- Sporangia in female cones produce female
gametophytes
- When do most plants reproduce? Why?
- Reproduction and rearing of offspring require
free energy beyond that used for maintenance and
growth. Different organisms use various
reproductive strategies in response to energy
availability.
17Female gametophyte (n)
4
Haploid spore cells inovule develop intofemale
gametophyte,which makes egg.
5
Male gametophyte (pollen)grows tube to egg
andmakes and releases sperm.
Egg (n)
Sperm (n)
Male gametophyte(pollen grain)
HAPLOID
MEIOSIS
Fertilization
DIPLOID
Scale
Sporangium(2n)
Ovule
Seedcoat
Zygote(2n)
3
Pollination
Embryo(2n)
Integument
HAPLOIDPollen grains(malegametophytes)(n)
1
Female conebears ovules.
6
Zygote developsinto embryo, andovule
becomesseed.
MEIOSIS
Seed
2
Male cone producesspores by meiosisspores
develop intopollen grains
7
Seed falls toground and germinates,and embryo
grows into tree.
Sporophyte
Life Cycle of a Conifer
18The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm
reproduction
- Most plants are angiosperms
- The hallmarks of these plants are flowers
- The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with
gametophytes in its flowers - The angiosperm life cycle is similar to that of
conifers - But it is much more rapid
- In addition, angiosperm seeds are protected and
dispersed in fruits, which develop from ovaries
19Stigma
Egg (n)
2
Haploid spore in eachovule develops intofemale
gametophyte,which produces egg.
3
Pollinationandgrowthof pollentube
Pollengrain
Pollentube
Ovule
1
Haploid sporesin anthers developinto pollen
grains male gametophytes.
Sperm
Pollen (n)
HAPLOID
Meiosis
Fertilization
DIPLOID
4
Zygote(2n)
Seedcoat
Food supply
Seeds
7
Ovary
Seed germinates,and embryo grows into plant.
Ovule
Embryo(2n)
5
Seed
Sporophyte
6
Fruit
Double Fertilization
20Polyploidy in plants
- common in plants, especially in 30-70
angiosperms, are thought to be polyploid. - i.e. Species of coffee plant with 22, 44, 66, and
88 chromosomes suggesting ancestral condition (n)
11 and a (2n) 22, from which evolved the
different polyploid descendants. - Polyploid plants are larger, leading to created
varieties of watermelons, marigolds, and
snapdragons -
Plant Probable ancestral haploid number Chromo Ploidy level
domestic oat 7 42 6n
peanut 10 40 4n
sugar cane 10 80 8n
banana 11 22, 33 2n, 3n
white potato 12 48 4n
tobacco 12 48 4n
cotton 13 52 4n
apple 17 34, 51 2n, 3n
21Origin of Polyploidy
- Accident Doubling? Plants, (vs animals), form
germ cells from somatic tissues. If the
chromosome content of a precursor somatic cell
has accidentally doubled (e.g., as a result of
passing through S phase of the cell cycle without
following up with mitosis and cytokinesis), then
gametes containing 2n chromosomes are formed. - Naturally occuring? As the endosperm (3n)
develops in corn (maize) kernels (Zea mays), its
cells undergo successive rounds (as many as 5) of
endoreplication producing nuclei that range as
high as 96n. - When rhizobia infect the roots of their legume
host, they induce the infected cells to undergo
endoreplication producing cells that can become
128n (from 6 rounds of endoreplication).
22Polyploidy and Speciation
- When a newly-arisen tetraploid (4n) plant tries
to breed with its ancestral species (a
backcross), triploid offspring are formed. These
are sterile because they cannot form gametes with
a balanced assortment of chromosomes. - However, the tetraploid plants can breed with
each other. So in one generation, a new species
has been formed.
23The structure of a fruit reflects its function in
seed dispersal
- Fruits are adaptations that disperse seeds
24Types of Fruits
- Simple Fruits These fruit types are produced by
flowers containing one pistil, the main female
reproductive organ of a flower. - Aggregate Fruits These fruits types are
developed from flowers which have more than one
pistils. They consist of mass of small drupes
that develops from a separate ovary of a single
flower. - Multiple Fruits These fruit types are developed
not from one single flower but by a cluster of
flowers. - Accessory Fruits These fruit types are developed
from plant parts other than the ovary.
25Types of fleshy fruits Types of fleshy fruits Types of fleshy fruits Types of fleshy fruits Types of fleshy fruits Types of fleshy fruits
True berry have a soft epicarp and the mesocarp and endocarp is fleshly Pepo berry has an outer wall /rind that is formed from receptacle tissue that is fused to exocarp. Hesperidium have thick, leathery exocarp and mesocarp. They have a juicy, pulpy endocarp Aggregate fruit formed from the development of a number of simple carpels from a single flower. Multiple fruit individual ovaries from different flowers get clustered together forming a fruit. Accessory fruit
Tomato, Eggplant, Chili pep, Grape, Cranberry, Pumpkin, Gourd, Cucumber, Melon Orange, Lemon, Lime, Grapefruit Blackberry, Raspberry, Boysenberry Pineapple, Fig, Mulberry, Hedge apple Strawberry
There are fruits that are dry fruits and can be
differentiated as dry dehiscent and dry
indehiscent. Fruit types that contain seeds in a
seedpod that opens up and releases the seeds are
known as dehiscent fruits. Legume Sweet pea,
Beans, Peanut The indehiscent are those fruit
types that do not have a seed pot that opens.
Caryopsis Wheat, Rice , Corn, Rye Nuts The
list of fruits under this type are Walnut, Acorn
26Agriculture is based almost entirely on
angiosperms
- Gymnosperms supply most of our lumber and paper
- Angiosperms provide most of our food
- Fruits, vegetables, and grains
- Angiosperms also provide other important products
- Medications, fiber, perfumes
27Interactions with animals have profoundly
influenced angiosperm evolution
- Angiosperms are a major source of food for
animals - Animals also aid plants in pollination and seed
dispersal
Figure 17.13A-C
28Connection Plant diversity is a nonrenewable
resource
- 20 of the tropical forests worldwide were
destroyed in the last third of the 20th century - The forests of North America have shrunk by
almost 40 in the last 200 years
29- Some plants in these forests can be used in
medicinal ways
- More than 25 of prescription drugs are extracted
from plants
30Resources
- Anatomy Morphology of Plant Organs
- The Conquest of Land
- Plant Evolution Tour
- Identification of Major Fruits