Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution
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New Agricultural Revolution
20.1

• Farming
• Enclosure movement
• Put small farmers off the land
• Created a labor pool
• Improvements
• Fertilize, mixed soils, seed drill and stronger
  horses

• Population Explosion
• 1715-1789 in Europe 120 million to 190 million
• Due to declining death rate
• Energy
• Coal used for steam power

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Britain Leads The Way
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Britain leads the way
20.2

• Natural resources
• Large supplies of coal and iron
• Increased labor force
• Pop. increase and enclosure movement
• New technology
• Enlightenment taught progress by technology
• Economic conditions
• Trade accumulated capital
• Increased pop. increased demand
• Political social conditions
• Stable pro business government
• Strong navy
• Religious groups promoted hard work and thrift

HMS Victory is the only 18th Century ship of the
line still to be found anywhere in the world
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Steam Engine

• Most revolutionary invention
• James Watt design the modern steam engine.
• led to many new inventions, most notably in
  transportation and industry

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The Steam Engine
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Changes in the textile industry

• Putout system too slow
• Inventions
• John Kays flying shuttle weaving
• Steam locomotive...1830 Manchester to Liverpool
• Steam boats... 1807 Robert Fulton paddle
  wheeler
• Steam freighters with iron hulls by 1880

The flying shuttle was thrown by a leaver that
could be operated by one weaver.
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James Hargreaves spinning jenny1764
Enabled one person to spin 6 to 7 threads at a
time.
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Richard ArkwrightsWater Frame 1768

• Spinning machine that ran continuously on water
  power
• Developed to weave cotton textiles

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Hardships of Early Industrial life
20.3

• Urbanization....People moving to the city
• The poor forced to live in foul slums
• No running water
• No sanitation system
• Diseases spread rapidly

Where home is a hovel, and dull we
grovel,Forgetting the world is fair.
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The Factory
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Factory system made workers slaves to the machines

• Rigid discipline
• 12 to 16 hour shifts
• Many job accidents and safety issues
• Women workers preferred
• Adapted to machines easier
• Easier to manage
• Paid them less

It is about half past five by our clock at home
when we go in....We come out at seven by the
mill. We never stop to take our meals, except at
dinner.
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Child labor
Leo 48 inches high, 8 years old. Picks up bobbins
at 15 cents a day in Elk Cotton Mill.

• Nimble fingered, quick moving and small
• Orphans used with official permission

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The Working Class

• Protests were treated harshly
• Forbidden to form labor movements

• Methodism spreads
• Improvement through sober moral ways
• Channel anger to social reform

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The New Middle Class

• Merchants, Inventors, Investors and Artisans
• Believed in Laissez Faire
• Believed the poor were lazy and/or ignorant
• Should work their way up

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Problems and Benefits of the Industrial Revolution

• Problems
• Low Pay, Unemployment, Dismal living conditions
• Benefits
• More new factories created more jobs
• Wages rose , workers could buy more
• Cost of Railroad travel fell
• Wealth was spread around more than ever

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New Ways of Thinking
20.4

• EconomicsLaissez-faire
• Free market would level out
• Iron law of wageshigher wages bigger families
  more labor lower wages more unemployment
• Population
• Would grow faster than the food supply
• Did not happen and living conditions improved

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New Social Ideas

• Utilitarian
• The greatest happiness for the greatest number of
  people
• Socialism
• People as a whole should own everything
• Social Utopians
• Self sufficient communities modeled after
  socialism
• Robert Owenbuilt one in New Lanark, Scotland

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Scientific SocialismMarxism

• Based on the scientific study of history by Karl
  Marx and Friedrich Engels
• The bourgeoisie (the haves) always struggled
  with the Proletariat (have nots)
• Predicted that the Proletariat would
  eventually win and set up a classless communistic
  society

• Weakness
• By 1900 the standard of living of the
  Proletariat improved
• Nationalism became more important than working
  class loyalty

Karl Marx, 1818-1883 The Communist Manifesto
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The industrial Revolution Spreads
22.1

• New powers, France, Germany and United States
• Caught up to Britain fast, Why?
• Abundant supplies of coal and iron ore
• Could follow Britains lead

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New methods of production

• Interchangeable parts
• Assembly line

Henry Ford
The first Ford1896
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Technology and industry

• Steel ... 1856, Henry Bessemer developed a
  process to purify iron.
• Chemicals
• Medicines, aspirin, perfumes, soaps, margarine
  and fertilizers.
• Alfred Nobel invented dynamite
• Electricity
• Edisons light bulb illuminated whole cities
• city life quickened
• factories could produce after dark

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Transportation

• Horseless carriage....Gottlieb Daimler (Auto)
  combined with Nikolaus Otto (internal combustion
  engine) 1886

• Orville and Wilbur Wrights airplane 1903

1886 The first 4-wheeled automobile
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Communications

• Telegraph.... Samuel Morse. by 1860's undersea
  cable

Telephone...Alexander Bell....1890's
Telegraph Receiver
June 25, 1876 Centennial Exhibition
Philadelphia
Radio....Guglielmo Marconi....1901
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New directions for Business
22.2

• Monopolies or cartels....Controlled entire
  industries
• Fixed prices, set productions quotas, divided up
  markets
• Standard Oil Co. of Ohio...John D. Rockefeller
• controlled oil wells, refineries, pipelines and
  stations
• Called Robber Barons

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Growth of Cities

• Population doubled between 1800 and 1900.Why?
• Death rate fell
• Improved farming methods
• Food storage and distribution methods
• Improved medical advances

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Medicine

• The link between germs and diseases germ theory
  proved
• Louis Pasteur...vaccine for rabies and
  pasteurization
• Robert Koch identified the bacteria that caused
  TB
• Hospitals
• William Morton.... Anesthesia
• Florence Nightingale....sanitary measures
• First school of nursing
• Joseph Lister....antiseptics...prevent infections

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The New City
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Life in the cities

• Settlement shifts

• Urban renewal...replacing medieval planning
• Rich built nice neighborhoods on the edges
• Poor crowded into slums near the factories
• High crime rates, alcoholism
• Improved slowly

• Developed sidewalks, sewers and skyscrapers

• Had music halls, parks, museums, education and
  more

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Working class struggles

• Reforms
• Mutual-aid societies to help sick or injured
  workers
• All men could vote
• Right to organize unions
• Passed laws regulating conditions in factories
  and mines
• outlawed child labor
• 8 hour work day
• disability insurance

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Changing attitudes
22.3

• Social order changes
• Upper class....old nobility plus super-rich
  industrial and business families
• High middle class....mid-level businessmen and
  professionals
• Lower middle class....low-level businessmen and
  professionals
• Low class....workers and peasants

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Changing Values

• Social code
• Children are to be seen but not heard
• Marriage for love and profit
• Cult of domesticity...home sweet home
• Womens rights
• Broke professional and educational barriers
• Suffrage faced intense opposition
• women too emotional
• should be protected from grubby politics

• Universities expanded

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New science of geology stirred religious debate

• 1856...Neanderthal man discovered

This reconstruction depicts the adult male
Neanderthal unearthed at the Amud cave site in
Israel, who lived more than 50,000 years ago.
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Darwinism. all forms of life evolved over
millions of years

• Natural selection....the strong survive
• Social Darwinism
• Applies natural selection to war and economics
• Encourages racism
• Social Gospel....urged Christians to do social
  service
• Salvation Army..1878

Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection. Published in 1859
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Changes in the arts
22.4

• Romanticism...sought to excite strong emotions
• Bold artwork, romantically disturbed heroes and
  strong composers
• The orchestra took shape in the early 1800's
• Beethoven...strong emotional symphonies

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
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Realism verses Photography
Taken in 1839

• Realism...represent the world as it was
• 1840's....photography created a new art form that
  was very realistic

• Gives rise to impressionists
• Painters did not blend brush strokes

Claude Monet
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Into The 1900s
The End