Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution

• Why you live better than a king!

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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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A. Flashback 1973 (cont.)
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B. Definition
The Industrial Revolution was

• the shift from making goods by hand in homes and
  small shops,

to making them by
machine in large factories.
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B. Definition (cont.)
Domestic System
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B. Definition (cont.)
Factory System
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B. Definition (cont.)

• The IR began in Great Britain around 1750 in
  the textile industry.
• By the 1800s, it had spread throughout Western
  Europe and overseas to places like the United
  States and Japan.

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C. Improvements in Agriculture Came First!

Improved methods for growing food.
More food grown by less people.
Increased population.
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C. Improvements in Agriculture Came First!
(cont.)

Increased demand for goods.
Improvements in manufacturing processes.
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D. Pre-requisites to Industrialization

• Why Great Britain?

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D. Pre-requisites to Industrialization (cont.)

• Natural Resources
• a. Energy

Coal
Water
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D. Pre-requisites to Industrialization (cont.)

• 1) Natural Resources
• Steel

Coal
Iron Ore
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D. Pre-requisites to Industrialization (cont.)

• Natural Resources
• c. Raw Materials

Sheep
Cotton
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D. Pre-requisites to Industrialization (cont.)

• Technology
• Know-how
• Advanced education system

research development (RD)
new inventions.
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D. Pre-requisites to Industrialization (cont.)

• Labor Pool

• Enclosure Movement

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D. Pre-requisites to Industrialization (cont.)

• Government support for free enterprise
• Money economy
• Protection for private property
• Enforcement of contracts
• Incentive for entrepreneurs

Profit Motive!
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E. Living Conditions in Early Cities

• Industrialization led to rapid urbanization.
• Example Population of Manchester, England
• 1750 16,000
• 1855 455,000

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E. Living Conditions in Early Cities (cont.)

• Overcrowded housing.
• No indoor plumbing.
• No electricity.
• No sewer systems.
• No sanitation systems.
• No pollution controls.

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(No Transcript)
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F. Working Conditions in Early Factories

• 12-16 hour days.
• 6 days/week.
• No minimum wage.
• No paid holidays/vacations.
• No sick leave.

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F. Working Conditions in Early Factories (cont.)

• No unemployment pay.
• No child labor laws.
• No safety standards.
• No workers compensation.
• No welfare programs.

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Importance of Inventions

• Did the invention
• a) Improve production process?
• b) Improve transportation/communication?
• c) Make life easier/safer/more convenient/more
  enjoyable?

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G. Should the government intervene? NO!

• One of the big questions of early industrial
  society was
• Should the government intervene in the economy to
  help out the working class?
• Many people answered this question with an
  emphatic NO!

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Adam Smith 1723-1790
Scottish economist
Individual ambition serves the common good.
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G. Should the government intervene? NO! (cont.)

• 1) Adam Smith (cont.)
• Wanted a free market with no government
  restrictions.
• Factory owners create wealth for the whole
  society.
• They should be free to do as they please with
  their profits.

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G. Should the government intervene? NO! (cont.)

• 1) Adam Smith (cont.)
• Money taken from owners and given to workers is
  not money productively spent.
• If their actions are limited, owners will be
  less motivated to build and expand.
• Laissez-Faire economics let them do as they
  will.

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Thomas Malthus 1766-1834
English demographer
The power of population is greater than the
power of the earth to sustain man.
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G. Should the government intervene? NO! (cont.)

• 2) Thomas Malthus (cont.)
• Studied population growth.
• Population multiplies faster than the food
  supply.
• Tragedies like malnutrition, disease, war and
  natural disasters help keep the population in
  check.

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G. Should the government intervene? NO! (cont.)

• 2) Thomas Malthus (cont.)
• If the government helped workers, theyd live
  longer have more kids.
• Result would be rapid over-population and
  ultimately mass starvation.
• This was called the Malthusian Conclusion.

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Herbert Spencer 1820-1903
English philosopher
A nation which helps its good-for-nothings will
become a good-for-nothing nation.
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G. Should the government intervene? NO! (cont.)

• 3) Herbert Spencer (cont.)
• As Charles Darwin said it is in nature, so
  should it be with humans.
• Survival of the fittest is the law of nature.
• If the strong survive and the weak die off, the
  herd remains strong.

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G. Should the government intervene? NO! (cont.)

• 3) Herbert Spencer (cont.)
• Government aid to the workers will only help
  unproductive people survive and breed.
• Why infect the gene pool with the offspring of
  the weak?

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H. Developed Underdeveloped Countries

• Countries that industrialized in the first
  century of the IR quickly became the richest and
  most powerful in the world.
• Those that didnt, have struggled to try and
  catch up.

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H. Developed Underdeveloped Countries (cont.)

• Four measures of the wealth of a country
• 1) working in agriculture.
• 2) Per capita GDP.
• 3) Literacy rate.
• 4) Life expectancy.

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Developed Countries
in ag. Per capita GDP Adult literacy rate Life exp. in years
U.K. 1.4 35,424 99.0 80.1
U.S. 0.7 48,442 99.0 79.4
Japan 3.9 34,294 99.0 82.7
Russia 9.8 21,248 99.6 70.3
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Developing Countries
in ag. Per capita GDP Adult literacy rate Life exp. in years
Mexico 13.7 15,270 86.1 76.2
China 36.7 8466 92.2 74.8
India 52.0 3652 74.0 64.7
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Underdeveloped Countries
in ag. Per capita GDP Adult literacy rate Life exp. in years
Nigeria 70.0 2532 61.3 46.9
Ethiopia 85.0 1116 42.7 52.9
Afghanistan 78.6 1202 28.1 43.8
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H. Developed Underdeveloped Countries (cont.)

• Percentage of the worlds population that lives
  in developed countries
• 15

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H. Developed Underdeveloped Countries (cont.)

• Percentage that lives in developing or
  underdeveloped countries
• 85

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I. Should the government intervene? YES! (cont.)

• 1) Utilitarians
• The goal of society should be to promote the
  greatest happiness for the greatest number.
• To this end, government should
• 1) Provide for universal education.
• 2) Allow universal suffrage.

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I. Should the government intervene? YES! (cont.)

• 3) Allow workers to organize into unions to
  bargain for shorter hours and better wages.
• 4) Pass laws to end the worst abuses of the
  factory system like child labor.

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I. Should the government intervene? YES! (cont.)

• 2) Socialists
• Workers make the goods that create the wealth
  of the society.
• This wealth should be used to benefit everyone,
  not just greedy factory owners.

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I. Should the government intervene? YES! (cont.)

• 2) Socialists (cont.)
• Factories should be nationalized (taken over by
  the government).
• The profits can then be used to improve the
  living conditions of the working class.

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I. Should the government intervene? YES! (cont.)

• 2) Socialists (cont.)
• The socialist movement was split into two
  groups
• a) evolutionary socialists.
• and
• b) revolutionary socialists.

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I. Should the government intervene? YES! (cont.)

• a) Evolutionary Socialists
• This group thought socialism would evolve over
  time.
• If they formed political parties, and won
  elections, then they could take over.
• For this reason, they were called Democratic
  Socialists.

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I. Should the government intervene? YES! (cont.)

• Revolutionary socialists
• They thought factory owners would never give up
  without a fight.
• Workers must arm themselves, kill the owning
  class and take control of the factories by force.

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I. Should the government intervene? YES! (cont.)

• b) Revolutionary socialists (cont.)
• The wealth of the society could then be equally
  distributed.
• Once this goal of a classless society was
  achieved, it would be utopia.
• This group was called Communists.

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Karl Marx 1818-1883
German philosopher

• Known as the Father of Communism.

• The Communist Manifesto (1848)