The Protestant Reformation

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The Protestant Reformation

• And Counter Reformation

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Reformation
Luther at Worms

• was the major split in the Christian Church
  between Catholics and Protestants
• it was a Protestant movement begun at first to
  correct practices which many people felt were
  wrong for the Church to do, but later split off
  from the Catholic Church

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Martin Luther

• Father of the Protestant Reformation
• German monk
• believed in justification by faith or that a
  person could be made good by Gods mercy love
• brought into conflict with Pope Leo X over
  Indulgences, buying off peoples sins by
  donations
• preached against Catholic practices he felt were
  wrong
• 1517, he nailed a list of 95 complaints,
  Ninety-five Theses, to a church door in
  Wittenberg, Germany

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More Luther

• Luther was excommunicated, condemned as a heretic
  outlaw he went into hiding
• while in hiding, Luther translated the Bible into
  German laid the foundation of the 1st
  Protestant faith, Lutheranism
• salvation was by faith alone (not good works)
• the only source of religious truth was the Bible
  (not priests)
• church services were held in the vernacular
• priests could marry

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Other Protestant Reformers

• Other Protestant Reformers
• John Calvin
• from Switzerland
• doctrine called predestination, or that God alone
  determines the fate of every person
• as Calvinism spread, they were known in France as
  Huguenots in England were called Puritans

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Henry VIII (Tudor)

• king of England, at 1st condemned Luther was
  awarded the title, Defender of the Faith by Leo
  X
• asked Pope for an annulment from wife, Catherine
  of Aragon (with whom he had 6 children, only 1
  surviving) a daughter, Mary
• wanted to marry Anne Boleyn to produce a male
  heir
• the pope refused, Henry split with the Church
  began Church of England (Anglican) allowed him
  to divorce Catherine marry Anne who had a
  daughter, Elizabeth

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Henrys Wives
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Elizabeth and Mary Tudor

• Henry married 4 more times, and finally a son,
  Edward VI
• Became king at age 9 died at 16
• 1556 Mary became Queen, very Catholic
  determined to make England Catholic again
• Many Protestants put to death, given the
  nickname, Bloody Mary
• succeeded by Elizabeth, who ruled as a Protestant
  queen from 1558 1603 never married had no
  children known as the Virgin Queen
• Henry VIII is known as the Protestant Reformer
  of England

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The Counter Reformation

• (The Catholic Reformation)

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Council of Trent 1545-1563

• Pope Paul III
• Met to reform the Church and reaffirm Catholic
  beliefs
• Rituals and tradition will remain part of worship
• Salvation through faith and good works
• Church tradition equal to Bible as source of
  religious truth
• Selling of indulgences and simony were outlawed
• Pope is the head of the Church on earth
• Seminaries for proper training of priests
• Stricter rules for clergy (monasteries and
  convents)
• Reinstituted the Inquisition to stamp out heresy

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Edward VI and the PopeThe Word of the Lord
Endureth Forever, All Fleshe is Crase
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Catholics Respond

• Spreading Catholicism
• Stem the spread of Protestantism, strengthen
  Catholicism
• Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus
  
• known as Jesuits
• Preached, helped the poor, established schools
• As missionaries strengthened Catholicism in
  Eastern Europe and rest of the world

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Europe Divided

• Peace of Augsburg
• HRE Charles V tried to stop the spread of
  Protestant ideas
• 1555, after many wars, political battles and
  religious debates, signed treaty Peace of
  Augsburg
• allowed each Ger. Prince to choose religion of
  his state
• Division of Europe into Protestant north
  Catholic south

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Inquisition

• Church courts vigorously tried to wipe out
  heretics
• Helped stop spread of Protestantism in Italy and
  Spain

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Results

• Encouragement of Education
• Bible in Vernacular, encouraged people to learn
  to read
• Step toward Religious Tolerance
• People realized that intolerance threatened their
  own religion

Look Mom! I can Read it!
Luthers Bible in German