Colonial Period

1
Colonial Period

• Standards 1-3

2
Virginia

• Jamestown, Virginia was founded in 1607
• First permanent English settlement in North
  America
• A corporate colony, founded by the Virginia
  Company
• Investors hoped to make a profit from the colony

3
Powhatan Indians

• Hostile to new settlers
• Attacked Jamestown
• John Smith was able to negotiate with them for
  food

4
Success of the Virginia Colony

• Tobacco became the most profitable cash crop
• Headright System allowed families to move in and
  own land
• House of Burgesses allowed self-government

5
Virginias House of Burgesses

• Virginias colonial legislature
• Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion because the
  legislature failed to provide settlers protection
  from hostile Indians in the backcountry

6
First Africans in Virginia

• In 1619 a Dutch slave ship arrived in the colony
• The Africans on board (who were destined to be
  traded as slaves in the West Indies), were
  traded for supplies in Virginia
• The Virginia colony treated the Africans as
  indentured servants, not slaves
• All of them eventually gained their freedom
  before slavery was introduced in Virginia

7
Sample Question

• One reason the colony of Virginia succeeded was
  the
• profitable tobacco crop
• leadership of John Smith
• management of the Virginia Company
• relationship with the Powhatan Indians

8
Answer

• A the profitable tobacco crop

9
New England

• Originally settled by English Separatists, who
  had broken away from the Anglican Church
• They were persecuted
• These settlers were called Pilgrims
• They sailed on the Mayflower from England to
  America

10
Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Settled by English Puritans (who were Anglican,
  but wanted to reform the Church of its catholic
  practices)
• They were persecuted in Great Britain
• They established their City Upon A Hill, what
  they considered a model utopia, in Boston

11
Puritans vs. Native Americans

• King Philips War
• Chief of the Wampanoags (Metacom/King Philip)
  led an attack on the Puritans in response to
  their laws that restricted the Indians
• It was a very brutal and destructive war
• Food shortages, disease, and heavy casualties
  kept the Indians from fighting
• Metacom was killed and the Indian resistance in
  New England ended

12
Tension in New England

• Roger Williams challenged forced religion on the
  citizens of Massachusetts
• He was exiled and eventually founded the colony
  of Rhode Island
• Separation of church and state established here

13
Halfway Covenant

• Allowed second and third generation Puritans
  partial membership in the church until they
  experienced a true religious conversion

14
Salem, Massachusetts

• Location of Salem Witch Trials

15
Massachusetts Bay Loses Its Charter

• Puritans refused to obey English law
• In 1684, King Charles II revoked the colonys
  corporate charter
• Massachusetts became a royal colony, under strict
  control of the king

16
Sample Question

• Which factor directly affected the settlement of
  New England in the 1600s?
• Religious persecution in Great Britain
• The opportunity to cultivate tobacco
• Growing conflict with the southern farmers
• The chance to participate in the slave trade

17
Answer

• A religious persecution in Great Britain

18
Middle ColoniesNew Netherland to New York

• Originally claimed and settled by Netherland
• Diverse Population (settlers were allowed from
  all over Europe)
• James, Duke of York and brother of King Charles
  II, sent a fleet of ships to take the colony away
  from the Dutch
• It was accomplished without firing a single shot
• It became the English colony of New York

19
Middle Colonies Pennsylvania

• William Penn founded
• Quakers were first settlers
• Penns Holy Experiment allowed freedom of
  religion

20
Sample Question

• The original settlers of the Mid-Atlantic
  colonies were
• Pilgrims
• Quakers
• Puritans
• Dutch

21
Correct Answer

• D Dutch

22
Mercantilism

• Export raw materials from colonies to England
• Sell manufactured goods back to the colonies
• Become completely self sufficient as a country
• Acquire wealth

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African Colonial Population

• As employment opportunities increased in England,
  fewer indentured servants came to America
• Transatlantic trade included stops along the
  African coast to trade rum (from New England) and
  guns and manufactured goods (from England) in
  exchange for slaves
• Slaves were taken to the West Indies and various
  parts of North America in the Middle Passage of
  the transatlantic trade

25
African Culture

• In areas where slave population was heaviest,
  they were able to preserve much of their African
  heritage
• Music
• Folktales
• Religious rituals

26
Colonial Society and Culture

• Benjamin Franklin
• Born into a poor family
• Educated himself
• Became a successful inventor, printer, published,
  writer, statesman, and diplomat

27
Great Awakening

• Series of religious revivals that challenged
  traditional religious authority

28
Sample Question

• Rum
• Slaves
• Manufactured goods
• The items listed above were part of the
• Products produced in the New England colonies
• Products traded to England from the American
  colonies
• Items traded along the transatlantic trade
• Items England provided to its American colonies

29
Correct Answer

• C items traded along the transatlantic trade

30
Results of French Indian War and Causes of the
American Revolution

• In the Treaty of Paris of 1763,Britain won
  control of North America France lost most of its
  North American possessions
• In its attempt to govern a larger colonial
  empire, Parliament passed a series of laws to
  control the colonists
• Proclamation of 1763 forbade settlement west of
  Appalachian Mountains to protect them from
  hostile Indians
• Stamp Act placed direct taxes on printed
  materials to pay for war debt

31
Colonial Reactions

• No taxation without representation colonists
  believed only their colonial legislatures could
  tax them
• In response to the Stamp Act, the Sons of Liberty
  terrorized stamp agents
• In response to the Boston Massacre, each colony
  formed a committee of correspondence to
  communicate with other colonies
• In response to the Tea Act, the colonists dumped
  British tea in the Boston Harbor

32
Intolerable Acts

• In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament
  passed a series of laws to punish the colony of
  Massachusetts
• The Daughters of Liberty led boycotts of English
  goods, especially tea

33
Sample Question

• Which event was NOT a direct result of the French
  and Indian War?
• Proclamation of 1763
• Stamp Act
• Treaty of Paris of 1763
• Tea Act

34
Correct Answer

• D. Tea Act

35
Sample Question

• The Sons of Liberty
• The Daughters of Liberty
• The committees of correspondence
• Which issue caused British colonists to form the
  organizations in the list above?
• The British Parliament had passed series of taxes
  on its North American colonies.
• B. Native Americans had attacked British colonial
  outpost within the Northwest Territory.
• C. British naval vessels had seized colonial
  ships and forced colonial sailors into service in
  the British navy.
• D. Armed slave rebellions had begun throughout
  the British colonies to end the continued
  practice of slavery.

36
Answer

• A

37
American Revolutionary PeriodStandard 3c 4
38

• IDEOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

39
Common Sense

• Written by Thomas Paine
• Message A call for independence
• Sold 500,000 copies

40
Declaration of Independence

• Author Thomas Jefferson
• Based on John Lockes Enlightenment philosophy
• All men are created equal
• All have natural, unalienable rights
• Life
• Liberty
• Pursuit of happiness (Locke said property)
• Government gets its powers from the consent of
  the people
• People have a right to alter or abolish their
  government after a long period of abuses

41
Grievances against King George III noted in the
Declaration of Independence

• He has obstructed the administration of justice
• He has kept among us, in times of peace,
  standing armies
• He has plundered our seas

42
Sample Question

• John Lockes theory that all people have basic
  natural rights directly influenced
• The Proclamation of 1763
• The Declaration of Independence
• The outbreak of the French and Indian War
• The expansion of transatlantic mercantilism

43

• Answer B

44
Sample Question

• Which idea from the Social Contract Theory is
  expressed within the U.S. Declaration of
  Independence?
• Congress must consist of two legislative houses.
• Political term limits are necessary for all
  elected officials.
• Government authority comes from the consent of
  the governed.
• Individual citizens must be protected by a
  federal bill of rights.

45
Answer

• C

46
American Revolution

• The war for independence fought between Britain
  and 13 of its colonies in North America
• 1775-1783

47

• MILITARY ASPECTS OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION

48
George Washington

• Leader of the Continental Army during the
  Revolution
• Took an all volunteer, undisciplined,
  inexperienced army and turned it into a
  professional army

49
Lexington and Concord (1775)

• Battles that started the American Revolution.

50
Battle of Trenton

• Christmas, 1776
• Washingtons army, who had volunteered for one
  year of service, was about to go home
• There had been no victories for the army and no
  reason to reenlist
• General Washington planned a surprise attack on
  Hessian soldiers across the Delaware River from
  the Continental Army
• Washington and his army crossed the Delaware in
  the middle of the night (see next slide)
• In the early morning, they attacked the Hessians
  and won
• In a few days, they defeated a British force at
  Princeton, NJ
• Many men in Washingtons army, reenlisted and new
  recruits joined

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Battle of Saratoga (October, 1777)

• Colonist victory over British.
• Turning point in Revolutionary War.
• Convinced the French to become ally of the United
  States
• Benjamin Franklin played a key role, as the U.S.
  diplomat to France, in convincing them to form
  this alliance
• Marquis de LaFayette volunteers to fight

53
Valley Forge, PA

• Winter of 1777-78
• Washington and the Continental Army are camped at
  Valley Forge
• They have little food
• They have poor shelter
• Many have no shoes or blankets to keep them warm
• Yet Washington rallies his troops, inspires them,
  and uses the time to prepare them for battle

54
Battle of Yorktown (1781)

• Yorktown is located on the peninsula formed by
  the James and York Rivers that flow into the
  Chesapeake Bay
• Washington and his army entrench themselves on
  the land side of Yorktown
• The French fleet blocks the entrance to the
  Chesapeake Bay
• Cornwallis and the British surrender
• The American Revolution is over!

55
Treaty of Paris (1783)

• Officially ended the Revolutionary War.
• British recognized colonists independence.
• British gave colonists all the lands east of the
  Mississippi River
• Florida was returned to Spain

56
Sample Question

• What battle led the French to form a military
  alliance with the United States against the
  British?
• Concord
• Trenton
• Saratoga
• Yorktown

57
Correct Answer

• C Saratoga

58
Establishing a New Government

• Standard 5

59
Constitutional Convention

• 1787
• James Madison introduced a new plan of government
  to address the weaknesses in the Articles of
  Confederation
• The Constitutional Convention, held in
  Philadelphia, PA resulted in the creation of a
  FEDERAL government (separate executive, judicial
  and legislative branches)
• The convention replaced the Articles of
  Confederation with the U.S. Constitution

60
Great Compromise of the Constitutional Convention

• Virginia Plan
• Bicameral Congress
• Representation of both houses based on population
  of the individual states

• New Jersey Plan
• Unicameral Congress
• Representation of states would be equal

• COMPROMISE
• Bicameral legislature
• Representation in the House of Representatives
  would be based on population of each state
• Representation of the Senate would be equal with
  2 senators from each state

61
The Slavery Debate in the Constitutional
Convention

• Debates over slavery resulted in
• An agreement to outlaw the importation of slaves
  from Africa within 20 years (by 1808)
• Southern states being able to count 3 out of 5
  slaves in its census for the purpose of
  representation in Congress
• However, this formula would also be considered
  for the appropriation of taxes per state

62
Limited Government

• The federal governments powers are limited to
  those specified in the U.S. Constitution

63
Separation of Powers

• Each branch of government has a specific purpose
  and powers are different from the other branches
• A legislative branch (Congress)
• An executive branch (the President)
• A judicial branch (Supreme Court)

64
Montesquieu, Enlightenment Thinker

• Championed
• the idea of
• separation of
• powers

65
Checks and Balances

• Each branch of the government checks the powers
  of the other two branches
• Prevents any branch of government from becoming
  too powerful

66
Federalism

• Distribution of the powers of government between
  a central (federal) government and the regional
  (states) governments.
• State laws cannot interfere with federal law

67
Federalists vs. Anti-federalists

• Federalists
• Supported ratification of U.S. Constitution
• Supported strong central (national) government
• Believed it kept factions from becoming too
  powerful
• Believed the Presidents powers would be check by
  the other branches
• Every state had its own Bill of Rights that was
  sufficient

• Anti-Federalists
• Opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution
• Felt power of government should remain with the
  individual states
• Believed factions could not be controlled from
  taking power
• Believed the President could become like a
  dictator with his power as commander-in-chief
• Especially concerned about the absence of a Bill
  of Rights to protect the rights of citizens

68
Federalist Papers

• Newspaper articles published in New York
• Explained reasons why the states should ratify
  the new US constitution
• The anonymous authors (Publius) Alexander
  Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

69
Bill of Rights

• Freedom of speech, press, religion, petition and
  peaceful assembly
• Right to bear arms
• Protection for unlawful searches and seizures
• Rights of the accused
• Attorney
• To remain silent
• To have charges explained
• To question witnesses
• Public trial by jury
• No excessive fines or cruel or unusual punishment
• Protection of property
• Additional rights (9th)
• States rights (10th)

70
Sample Question

• The Bill of Rights was adopted by Congress in
  1791 to preserve which political principle?
• The separation of powers
• The restriction of political terms
• The prohibition of racial discrimination
• The limitation of the federal government

71

• Answer D
• The Bill of Rights limited the federal
  governments ability to interfere with
  individuals and states rights.

72
Early Presidents

• George Washington
• Proclaimed U.S. neutrality in the war between
  England and France
• As commander in chief, sent troops to stop the
  rebellion over the whiskey tax
• First political parties formed during this
  presidency
• Federalists (Hamilton)
• Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson)

• John Adams
• Federalist
• Sent representatives to France to negotiate
  problems
• French officials tried to bribe them
• Referred to as the XYZ Affair
• Led to a Quasi War with France

73
Sample Question

• President John Adams became involved with which
  U.S. foreign-policy issue in the late 1790s?
• Purchasing the Louisiana Territory
• Avoiding full-scale war with France
• Strengthening the Monroe Doctrine
• Arranging for the annexation of Texas

74
Answer

• C avoiding full-scale war with France
• The XYZ Affair resulted in armed conflict (a
  Quasi War) with France, but not full-scale war.

75
United States History1800 to 1865

• Standards 6-9

76
Thomas Jeffersons Presidency

• Sent representative to France to purchase the
  port of New Orleans
• Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana
  Territory to the U.S.
• Doubled the size of U.S. territory

77
War of 1812

• President Madison declares war on Great Britain
• Reasons Impressment of U.S. sailors in British
  navy
• War helped form a
• strong national identity

78
Monroe Doctrine

• Established U.S. dominance in the western
  hemisphere
• European countries could not claim any more
  colonies here
• The U.S. would stay out of European affairs

79
Sample Question

• What was the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in
  1823?
• It reinforced tensions between pro-slavery and
  anti-slavery factions in the United States.
• It authorized the creation of a permanent
  professional military to defend the United
  States.
• It established the U.S. policy of preventing
  other nations from interfering in Latin America.
• It proclaimed the U.S. intention of expanding it
  political borders westward to the Pacific Ocean.

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Answer

• C

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Sample Question

• Use this quote to answer the question
• British cruisers have been in the continued
  practice of violating the American flag on the
  great highway of nations, and of seizing and
  carrying off person sailing under it
• -President James Madison,
• in a message to Congress
• What resulted from the actions described by
  President Madison in the quotation?
• The beginning of the War of 1812
• The outbreak of the Revolutionary War
• The signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783
• The adoption of the Articles of Confederation

82
Answer

• A

83
Industrial Revolution

• Eli Whitney, Inventor
• Interchangeable parts aided growth of industry
  in the North
• Cotton gin aided growth of cotton as the main
  cash crop of the South

84
Manifest Destiny

• A God-given right to expand U.S. territory
• 1845 Texas annexation
• 1846 Oregon Country (divided with Britain)
• 1848 Mexican Cession (resulted from Mexican War)

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Development of the Nations Infrastructure

• Roads, bridges, lighthouses
• Erie Canal
• Connected the mid-West to the Atlantic Ocean
• Connected Great Lakes to Hudson River
• Resulted in the economic growth of New York City,
  which became a major trade and commercial center

87
Reform Movements

• Temperance campaign to reduce, or temper the
  use of alcohol
• Abolition campaign to abolish slavery
• Education effort to support the funding of
  public education

88
Seneca Falls, NY

• Womens Rights convention
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leading advocate
• Main issue Womens Suffrage

89
Jacksonian Democracy

• Expanding voting rights
• Non-property owners could vote by 1828
• Now all adult white males could vote
• Most supported Andrew Jackson, the symbol of the
  common man
• Popular votes counted for the first time in 1828
• Increased suffrage led to increased nationalism

90
Sample Question

• Which term BEST describes the period during which
  white male suffrage greatly expanded in the
  United States?
• Manifest Destiny
• The Enlightenment
• The Great Awakening
• Jacksonian Democracy

91
Answer

• D

92
North-South Divisions Related to Westward
Expansion
93

Abolitionist Movement

• Key abolitionists
• William Lloyd Garrison
• Frederick Douglass
• Grimke sisters
• Successful slave rebellion led by Nat Turner

94
Missouri Compromise

• 1819
• Missouri requested admission into the Union as a
  slave state
• There were an even number of slave and free
  states
• Much congressional debate
• 1820
• Compromise
• Maine would be admitted as a free state
• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
• North of 36, 30 North latitude slavery
  prohibited
• South of 36,30 North latitude slavery allowed

95
Nullification Crisis

• Attempt by South Carolina to nullify of federal
  tariff in 1832.
• South Carolina protested/refused to pay
• Vice-President John C. Calhoun led the protest
• Threatened to secede if force was used
• President Jackson -gtForce Act
• Henry Clay offered a compromise tariff
• Tariff would gradually be lowered over a ten year
  period
• Increased the issue of sectionalism putting the
  interests of a region over those of the entire
  nation

96
Mexican War

• 1846
• U.S. declares war on Mexico over boundary dispute
• U.S. wins victories in El Paso, TX Monterrey,
  CA and, Monterrey, Mexico
• Congressman David Wilmot proposes that slavery be
  prohibited in any territory acquired in the war
• Much congressional debate over the Wilmot
  Proviso it is defeated
• 1847
• U.S. wins victories in Buena Vista and Mexico
  City
• 1848
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo establishes boundary
  at Rio Grande gives entire southwestern
  territory to U.S. (Mexican Cession)

97
Sample Question

• The western expansion of the United States in the
  early 1800s provoked a congressional debate over
  the slavery issue. Congress resolved this debate
  by
• Making the Louisiana Purchase
• Passing a constitutional amendment
• Adopting the Missouri Compromise
• Accepting the doctrine of nullification

98
Answer

• C

99
Sample Question

• Which principle of U.S. government did the
  Nullification Crisis of 1832 directly challenge?
• Federalism
• Judicial review
• Popular sovereignty
• Checks and balances

100
Answer

• Federalism
• When South Carolina declared their nullification
  of the federal tariff, they were challenged
  federal law. No state laws, policy, or court
  decision can conflict with federal law.
  Therefore, South Carolina was challenging the
  principle of federalism.

101
Causes, Main Events, and Consequences of the
American Civil War
102
Compromise of 1850

• 1848
• Gold discovered in California
• 1849
• Thousands of people travel to California in the
  Gold Rush
• Californias population escalates enough to
  apply for statehood (free state)
• 1850
• Much congressional debate (even number of free
  states and slave states)
• Compromise
• California will be a free state
• Utah and New Mexico will decide slavery by
  popular sovereignty
• Slave trade is abolished in Washington, D.C.
• A stronger Fugitive Slave Law is passed to
  satisfy a pro-slavery South

103
Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Repealed the Missouri Compromise by reopening
  territory that had been closed to slavery
• Left the slavery issue to be decided by the
  people who settled in those territories (popular
  sovereignty)

104
Bleeding Kansas

• A race to Kansas between those who supported
  slavery and those who didnt began
• Anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces fought
  against each other
• Two territorial legislatures will be chosen
• Popular sovereignty will fail

105
Dred Scott Case

• Dred Scott was a slave that had been taken into
  free territory
• After his owner died, Scott wanted his freedom
• The Supreme Court decision
• ruled that African Americans were not citizens of
  the U.S.
• African Americans were not free just because they
  were taken into free territories by their owners
• Laws like the Missouri Compromise were
  unconstitutional
• Congress could not deny slave owners from taking
  slaves into the western territories because they
  were property under the 5th Amendment

106
John Brown

• A staunch abolitionist
• Had committed five murders of pro-slavery people
  in Pottawatomie, Kansas in 1856
• In 1859, he raided a federal arsenal in Harpers
  Ferry, VA, in an attempt to arm a slave
  resurrection
• He was captured, charged with treason, and
  executed by hanging for his crimes

107
Civil War Leaders

• North/Union
• President Abraham Lincoln
• Generals
• Ulysses S. Grant defeated Lee and ended the war
• William T. Sherman capture the railroad city of
  Atlanta, GA and led a destructive march through
  Georgia

• South/Confederacy
• President Jefferson Davis
• Generals
• Robert E. Lee commander the Army of Northern
  Virginia successfully won defensive battles
  against the Union, but lost both attempts at
  offensive battles
• Stonewall Jackson Lees right-hand man
  helped him win many victories against the Union

108
Civil War Battles

• Fort Sumter (April, 1861) where the Civil War
  began
• Antietam (August, 1862) Lees first attempt to
  fight an offensive battle and first one outside
  the Confederacy he lost
• Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) Lees second
  attempt to fight an offensive battle the turning
  point of the war Lee would never recover from
  this loss
• Vicksburg the nail that held the two halves of
  the Confederacy together (Davis) located on the
  Mississippi River, it fail to Union control on
  July 4, 1863 the Union had control of the
  Mississippi
• Atlanta (September, 1864) the main rail center
  of the southeast captured by General Sherman and
  where he began his March to the Sea

109
Emancipation Proclamation

• After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln
  announced he would issue his proclamation on
  January 1, 1863 if the Confederacy did not
  surrender
• January 1, 1863, Lincoln announced the he was
  freeing the slaves who were still in the states
  that continue to fight the Union
• The Union army had a new purpose for fighting the
  war they would free all slaves as they moved
  through the states at war with them
• Slaves in states still in the Union were not
  freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, but will
  be freed by the 13th Amendment

110
Lincolns Second Inaugural Address

• Promised healing for the nation

111
Economic Disparity between the North and the South
112
Sample Question

• Which factor provided a military advantage during
  the U.S. Civil War?
• Over 80 of the nations factories existed in the
  North
• Southern merchant ships outnumbered those
  controlled by the North
• Seventy percent of U.S. railroad tracks existed
  in the southern territory.
• The North made an alliance with France to receive
  troops and other aid to fight the South.

113
Answer

• A
• European nations essentially remained neutral
  throughout the course of the U.S. Civil War. The
  North possessed more merchant ships than the
  South, as well as the majority of railroad
  tracks. The North was far more industrialized
  than the South. Northern factories gave the Union
  a powerful military advantage.