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PHILIPPINE HISTORY Pre-Colonial Period

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Title: PHILIPPINE HISTORY Pre-Colonial Period


1
PHILIPPINE HISTORYPre-Colonial Period
  • Arts Letters
  • University of Santo Tomas
  • Manila
  • Prepared by
  • Mr. Ernie Ronel T. Mabahague

2
Pre-Colonial Philippines
  • Society
  • Mode of Dressing
  • Ornaments
  • Houses
  • Social Classes
  • Status of Women
  • Marriage customs
  • Mixed Marriages, Inheritance and Succession

3
Pre-Colonial Philippines
  • Politics
  • Government
  • Laws
  • Legislation
  • Judicial Process
  • Trial by Ordeal
  • C. Religion
  • Religious Beliefs
  • Burial
  • Divination and Magic Charms

4
Pre-Colonial Philippines
  • E. Culture
  • Languages
  • System of Writing
  • Literature
  • Music and Dance
  • Art
  • D. Economic Life
  • Agriculture
  • Livestock
  • Fishing
  • Mining
  • Lumbering and Shipbuilding
  • Weaving
  • Trade

5
  • Long before the Spaniards came to the
    Philippines, Filipinos had a civilization of
    their own. This civilization partly came from
    the Malay settlers and partly from their response
    to the new environment. Many of these customs
    and traditions, government and way of life, have
    come down to the present day, despite the changes
    brought about by westernization and
    modernization. This is why it is possible to
    know about our distant past by simply observing
    some customs and practices that have resisted
    change and modernization.

6
Society
  • Philippine pre-colonial society is both different
    and the same as in the present. Some aspects of
    the pre-colonial period have survived into our
    time. The following is a description of the way
    of life of pre-colonial Filipinos.

7
Mode of Dressing
  • male attire was composed of the kanggan
    (sleeveless jacket) and bahag (loincloth)
  • the color of the kanggan indicates rank red for
    the chief, black or blue for the commoners
  • men also wear a turban called putong, which also
    tell the social status/achievement of the
    individual wearing it
  • female attire consisted of baro or camisa (jacket
    with sleeves) and saya or patadyong (a long
    skirt) some women wore a piece of red or white
    cloth on top of their skirt called tapis

Bogobo man woman
Kalinga subuanon women
8
putong
Bogobo man
9
Ornaments
  • men and women wore ornaments to look attractive
  • both wear kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, and
    leglets
  • these ornaments were made of gold
  • some wore gold fillings between the teeth
  • tattoos were also fashionable for some
    pre-colonial Filipinos they also exhibit a mans
    war record
  • Islas del Pintados term coined by the Spaniards
    for the Visayans

10
Bontoc men
11
Houses
  • built to suit the tropical climate
  • called bahay kubo, made of wood, bamboo, and nipa
    palm it was built on stilts and can be entered
    through ladders that can be drawn up
  • some Filipinos, such as the Kalingas, Mandayas
    and Bagobos built their houses on treetops
  • others, such as the Badjaos, built their houses
    on boats

12
Social Classes
  • the society was made up of three classes nobles
    (made up of the datu and their families),
    mahadlika or maharlika (freemen) and the alipin
    (dependents)
  • members of the nobility were addressed with the
    title Gat or Lakan among the Tagalogs

13
  • alipin or dependents acquired their status by
    inheritance, captivity, purchase, failure to
    settle debts, or by committing a crime
  • there were two kinds of dependents aliping
    namamahay and aliping sagigilid
  • in the Visayas,
  • dependents
  • were of three
  • kinds tumataban,
  • tumarampok, and
  • the ayuey

Maguindanao Sultan, nobles Alipins
14
Status of Women
  • women in pre-colonial Philippine society had the
    right to inherit property, engage in trade and
    industry, and succeed to the chieftainship of the
    barangay in the absence of a male heir
  • had the exclusive right to name their children
  • men walked behind them as a sign of respect

15
Marriage customs
  • men were in general, monogamous while their
    wives are called asawa, while concubines are
    called friends
  • in order to win the hand of his lady, the man has
    to show his patience and dedication to both the
    lady and her parents
  • courtship usually begins with paninilbihan
  • if the man wins the trust of the parents, he does
    not immediately marry the woman, but he has to
    satisfy several conditions
  • - give a dowry or bigay-kaya
  • - pay the panghihimuyat
  • - pay the wet nurse bigay-suso
  • - pay the parents himaraw
  • - bribe for the relatives called sambon
    (among the Zambals)

16
  • once he had settled all of the above
    requirements, he brings his parents to meet with
    the bride-to-bes parents to haggle and make the
    final arrangements this is called pamamalae or
    pamamanhikan or pamumulungan
  • the wedding ceremonies vary depending on the
    status of the couple but normally, those from
    the upper class, a go-between was employed
  • weddings are officiated by the priestess or
    babaylan
  • uncooked rice is thrown on the couple after the
    wedding ceremony

17
babaylan
Go to Religious Beliefs
18
Marriage ceremony - eating rice
Tausog wedding ceremony
19
  • Muslim Filipinos have similar marriage customs
    the first stage was called pananalanguni or
    bethrothal it was followed by the consultation
    with the girls parents, who relays their
    decision to the village chief, who in turn
    informed the suitors parents of the decision
  • dowry was also settled by the chief (pedsungud).
    This was of seven kinds 1. kawasateg, money
    given to the brides close relatives 2. siwaka,
    brassware given to those who helped arrange the
    wedding 3. enduatuan, brassware or animals for
    the village chief 4. pangatulian, jewelry given
    to the brides mother and aunts 5. tatas, blade
    given to the girls uncle 6. langkad, money
    given to the girls parents as fine for having
    bypassed the girls elder sister if she had any
    and 7. lekat, amount of money given to the girls
    attendant.

20
  • once everything is settled, the pegkawing, or the
    wedding ceremony follows
  • the wedding ceremony is officiated by the hadji
  • six days of festivities followed, and only on the
    seventh day could the couple sleep together

Muslim wedding
21
Mixed Marriages, Inheritance and Succession
  • mixed marriages were allowed in pre-colonial
    society
  • the status of children were dependent upon the
    status of the parents
  • often, the status of children in mixed marriages
    is divided evenly between the parents
  • single children of mixed marriage were half-free
    and half-dependent
  • legitimate children inherited their parents
    property even without any written will and was
    divided equally among the children

22
  • natural children inherited only a third of the
    inheritance of legitimate children
  • children of dependent mothers are given freedom
    and a few things
  • nearest relatives inherit the property of
    childless couples
  • in succession, the first son of the barangay
    chieftain inherits his fathers position if the
    first son dies, the second son succeeds their
    father in the absence of male heirs, it is the
    eldest daughter that becomes the chieftain

23
Politics
24
Government
  • unit of government was the barangay, which
    consisted of from 30 to 100 families. The term
    came from the Malay word balangay, meaning boat
  • barangays were headed by chieftains called datu
  • the subjects served their chieftain during wars,
    voyages, planting and harvest, and when his house
    needs to be built or repaired they also paid
    tributes called buwis

25
balangay
26
  • the chief or datu was the chief executive, the
    legislator, and the judge he was also the
    supreme commander in times of war
  • alliances among barangays were common and these
    were formalized in a ritual called sangduguan
  • conflicts between or
  • among barangays
  • were settled by
  • violence those who
  • win by force is
  • always right

27
Laws
  • were either customary (handed down from
    generation to generation orally) or written
    (promulgated from time to time as necessity
    arose)
  • dealt with various subjects such as inheritance,
    property rights, divorce, usury, family
    relations, divorce, adoption, loans, etc.
  • those found guilty of crimes were punished either
    by fine or by death some punishments can be
    considered as torture by modern standards
  • however, it must be noted that ancients did not
    believe in endangering society by letting loose a
    gang of thieves of recidivists who are incapable
    of reform

28
Legislation
  • before laws are made, the chief consults with a
    council of elders who approved of his plan
  • they are not immediately enforced until the new
    legislation is announced to the village by the
    umalohokan, who also explains the law to everyone

29
Judicial Process
  • disputes between individuals were settled by a
    court made up of the village chief and the
    council of elders between barangays, a board
    made up of elders from neutral barangays acted as
    arbiter
  • the accused and the accuser faced each other in
    front of the court with their respective
    witnesses
  • both took an oath to tell the truth most of the
    time, the one who presents the most witnesses
    wins the case
  • if the losing party contests the decision, he is
    bound to lose in the end because the chief always
    take the side of the winner

30
Trial by Ordeal
  • to determine the innocence of an accused, he is
    made to go through a number of ordeals which he
    must pass
  • examples include dipping ones hand in boiling
    water, holding a lighted candle that must not be
    extinguished, plunging into a river and staying
    underwater for as long as possible, chewing
    uncooked rice and spitting, etc.
  • among the Ifugaos, ordeal by combat was common,
    i.e. bultong (wrestling), alaw (duel)

31
bultong
32
Religion
33
Religious Beliefs
  • pre-colonial Filipinos believed in the
    immortality of the soul and in life after death
  • they also believed in the existence of a number
    of gods whom they worship and made offerings to
    according to rank
  • i.e. Bathalang Maykapal (Creator), Idinayale (god
    of agriculture), Sidapa (god of death), Balangaw
    (rainbow god), Mandarangan (war god), Agni (fire
    god) Lalahon (goddess of harvest), Siginarugan
    (god of hell), Diyan Masalanta (goddess of love),
    etc.

34
Agni (India)
Bathala
35
  • also showed respect for animals and plants like
    the crocodile, crow, tigmamanukin some trees
    were not also cut because they were thought to be
    divine
  • diseases were thought to be caused by the temper
    of the environmental spirits
  • Filipinos also venerated the dead by keeping
    alive their memory by carving idols of stone,
    gold or ivory called likha or larawan food, wine
    and other things were also shared with the dead

36
  • adored idols called anitos or diwatas to whom
    they made offerings
  • some anitos were considered bad however, they
    made offerings to them too in order to appease
    them or placate their anger
  • priestesses such as the babaylan/ baylana or
    katalona acted as mediums to communicate with
    these spirits

37
Burial
  • the dead was placed in a wooden coffin and buried
    under the house complete with cloth, gold and
    other valuable things
  • upon the death of the person, fires were made
    under the house and armed men acted as sentinels
    to guard the corpse from sorcerers
  • professional mourners were hired to accentuate
    the depth of mourning

38
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39
  • sometimes, the relatives of the dead wore rattan
    bands around their arms, legs and necks and they
    abstained from eating meat and drinking wine
  • the ancients distinguished mourning for a woman
    from that of a man morotal (for women) and
    maglahi (for men)
  • mourning for a dead chief is called laraw, and
    this was accompanied by certain prohibitions like
    engaging in petty quarrels, wars, carrying
    daggers with hilts in the normal position,
    singing in boats coming from the sea or river,
    and wearing loud clothes

40
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41
  • some ancients fasted and limited their nutrition
    to vegetables among the Tagalogs, this is called
    sipa
  • relatives of the dead who was murdered would not
    end their mourning until they have exacted
    vengeance or balata
  • the celebration held on the ninth night after the
    death of the person is called pasiyam, in which a
    play called tibaw is staged to honor the dead

42
Divination and Magic Charms
  • ancient Filipinos are quite superstitious and put
    much stock into auguries, and magic charms
  • they interpreted signs in nature like the flight
    of birds, the barking of dogs, the singing of
    lizards, and the like, as good or bad omens
    depending on the circumstances
  • they also consulted with the pangatauhan, or
    soothsayers, to tell their fortunes

43
  • there was also a belief in the existence of the
    aswang, mangkukulam, manggagaway, tiyanak, and
    the tikbalang
  • amulets and charms were also used by the ancients
    like the anting-anting, gayuma, odom or
    tagabulag, wiga or sagabe, and tagahupa
  • these beliefs were not eradicated with the coming
    of Western civilization and most of them were
    practiced behind the backs of the Christian
    missionaries
  • the result was a blending of pagan and Christian
    beliefs that made Filipino Catholicism unique

44
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45
Economic Life
46
Agriculture
  • main source of livelihood
  • rice, coconuts, sugar cane, cotton, hemp,
    bananas, oranges, and many species of fruits and
    vegetables were grown
  • done in two ways kaingin system (slash and
    burn) and tillage
  • when the Spaniards came to the Philippines, they
    noted that Cebu and Palawan were abundant in many
    agricultural foodstuffs

47
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49
  • agricultural productivity was enhanced by use of
    irrigation ditches like those found in the Ifugao
    Rice Terraces
  • landholding was either public (less arable land
    that could be tilled freely by anyone) and
    private (rich and cultivated lands belonging to
    nobles and datus)
  • some rented land and paid in gold or in kind

50
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51
Livestock
  • the daily fare consisted of rice and boiled fish,
    or sometimes pork or venison, carabao or wild
    buffalo meat
  • fermented the sap of palm trees and drank it as
    liquor called tuba
  • Pre-colonial Filipinos raised chickens, pigs,
    goats, carabaos, and small native ponies

52
Fishing
  • was a thriving industry for those who live in the
    coast or near rivers and lakes
  • various tools for fishing such as nets, bow and
    arrow, spear, wicker basket, hooks and lines,
    corrals and fish poisons were used
  • pearls fisheries also abound in Sulu

53
Fishing with bow arrow
Mining
  • comparatively developed before the coming of the
    Spaniards
  • the ancients mined gold in many parts of the
    archipelago and were traded throughout the
    country and with other countries

54
Lumbering and Shipbuilding
  • were flourishing industries
  • Filipinos were said to be proficient in building
    ocean-going vessels
  • all kinds of boats or ships were built, which the
    Spaniards later call banca, balangay, lapis,
    caracoa, virey, vinta and prau

55
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56
Weaving
  • home industry
  • that was
  • dominated
  • by women
  • using crude
  • wooden looms,
  • textiles such as
  • sinamay from hemp, medrinaque from banana,
    cotton, linen, and silk, were woven

57
Trade
  • was conducted between or among barangays, or even
    among the islands
  • there was trade too with other countries such as
    China, Siam, Japan, Cambodia, Borneo, Sumatra,
    Java, and other islands of old Malaysia
  • did not use any currency but conducted trade
    through barter
  • sometimes, goods were priced in terms of gold or
    metal gongs
  • Chinese traders noted that Filipinos were very
    honest in their commercial transactions

58
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59
Culture
  • Philippine pre-colonial culture was basically
    Malayan in structure and form. They had written
    language which was used not just for
    communication but also for literary expression.
    They also had music and dances for almost all
    occasions and a wide variety of musical
    instruments that shows their ingenuity.

60
Languages
  • there are more than one hundred languages in the
    Philippines, eight of which are considered major
    languages. They are Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan,
    Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Samarnon or
    Samar-Leyte, and Magindanao

61
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62
  • these languages are descended from Austronesian
    or Malayo-Polynesian language
  • the differences might be accounted for the need
    to forming new words and phrases to fit the new
    environment
  • many of the words or terms in Filipino languages
    were derived from Malayan

63
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64
System of Writing
  • before the arrival of the Spaniards, Filipinos
    used a syllabary which was probably of Sanskrit
    or Arabic provenance
  • the syllabary consisted of seventeen symbols, of
    which three were vowels and fourteen consonants
  • no one is certain about the direction of writing
  • Fr. Pedro Chirinos theory is that the ancients
    wrote from top to bottom and from left to right

65
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66
  • pre-colonial Filipinos wrote on bark of trees, on
    leaves and bamboo tubes, using their knives and
    daggers, pointed sticks or iron as pens and the
    colored saps of trees as ink
  • only a few of this writings survive into the
    present because early Spanish missionaries
    destroyed many manuscripts on the ground that
    they are the work of the Devil himself
  • some pieces of literature, however, have been
    handed down to us orally

67
Laguna Copperplate InscriptionBy Hector
Santoshttp//isanghamahal.blogspot.com/2006_03_01
_archive.html Antoon Postma, a Dutch national who
has lived most of his life among the Mangyans in
the Philippines and the director of the Mangyan
Assistance Research Center in Panaytayan,
Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro, was able to translate
the writing. His effort is all the more
remarkable when you consider that the text was in
a language similar to four languages (Sanskrit,
Old Tagalog, Old Javanese, and Old Malay) mixed
together The text was written in Kavi, a
mysterious script which does not look like the
ancient Tagalog script known as baybayin or
alibata. Neither does it look similar to other
Philippine scripts still used today by isolated
ethnic minorities like the Hanunóos and the
Buhids of Mindoro, and the Tagbanwas of Palawan.
It is the first artifact of pre-Hispanic origin
found in the Philippines that had writing on
copper material Postma's translation provides a
lot of exciting surprises. Like most other
copperplate documents, it gives a very precise
date from the Sanskrit calendar which corresponds
to 900 A.D. in our system. It contains placenames
that still exist around the Manila area today. It
also lists the names of the chiefs of the places
mentioned. The placenames mentioned prove the
Philippine connection of the LCI. The names are
still recognizable today although almost eleven
centuries have passed since the document was
issued. The placenames are Pailah (Paila), Tundun
(Tundo), Puliran (Pulilan), Binwangan
(Binwangan), Dewata (Diwata), and Medang
(Medang)
68
Laguna copperplate inscription
69
Literature
  • pre-colonial literature may be classified into
    floating or oral and written literature
  • Tagalogs have the bugtong (riddle), suliranin and
    indulanin (street songs), sabi (maxim), sawikain
    (saying), talindaw (boat songs), diyuna (song of
    revelry), kumintang (war song which evolved into
    a love song), dalit and umbay (dirge), tagumpay,
    balikungkong, dupayinin and hiliraw (war songs),
    uyayi and hele (lullabies), ihiman (bridal song),
    tagulaylay (mournful song), tigpasin (rowing
    song), tingad (household song), and kutang-kutang
    (couplets usually chanted by the blind)

70
  • songs, dance and the drama probably developed
    simultaneously
  • most of the pre-colonial drama was held in the
    sambahan or places of worship
  • these dealt with various subjects including love,
    war, legends, the memory of the deceased, and war
    heroes

71
  • dramas developed into different forms such as the
    pagbati, karagatan, tagayan, pananapatan,
    sabalan, and tibaw
  • the karagatan was a debate in verse in which a
    problem is resolved it developed into the duplo
    during the Spanish period and then into the
    balagtasan in 1924 during the American period
  • tibaw on the other hand is perform during the
    pasiyam

72
  • Maranaw literature, inspired by Islam, consisted
    of tutul (folk tale), tubad-tubad (short love
    poems), pananaro-on (sayings and proverbs),
    sowa-sowa-i (drama), antoka (riddle or puzzle),
    and darangan (epic poetry)
  • Ilocano literature, for its part, has many kinds
    of songs sung on different occasions this
    include dal-ot (song during baptismal party,
    wedding, or a feast), badeng (love song sung in a
    serenade), and dung-aw (dirge)

73
  • Filipinos were fond of composing epic poetry,
    which is why the country is unique for having
    more than twenty epic poems. Examples of this
    are Hudhud and Alim (Ifugao), Biag ni Lam-Ang
    (The Life of Lam-Ang / Ilocano), Bantugan,
    Indarapatra at Sulayman, and
  • Bidasari
  • (Moslems)

Igorots reciting Hudhud
74
Princess Lanawen to be won by Prince Bantugan
Princess Bidasari story is like Snow Whites
Indarapata Sulayman
75
Music and Dance
  • Filipinos are naturally fond of both music and
    dance, and usually, whenever music is played, it
    is accompanied by dance

76
  • some examples of pre-colonial musical instruments
    include kudyapi (Tagalog), bansic or a cane with
    four holes and gangsa or a small guitar (Negritos
    of Luzon), abafii a Malay music instrument
    (Igorots), gongs, Jews harp, bamboo flute,
    kutibeng or a guitar
  • with five strings (Ilocano),
  • kalaleng or a nose flute
  • and diwdiw-as or pan
  • pipe made of seven
  • bamboos reeds
  • (Tinguians)

77
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78
  • examples of the native dances, which depict
    different events include Potato Dance, Torture
    Dance, Duel Dance, Lovers Dance (Negritos)
    macasla dance (Tagbanua), kinnotan or ants dance
    and the kinnallogong or hat dance (Ilocano)
    balitaw and dandansoy (Visayan) balatong, dalit,
    hiliraw, kutang-kutang, lulay, indulanin,
    kumintang, salampati, tagulaylay, subli,
    barimbaw, and tagayan (Tagalog)

79
  • this shows that Filipinos have songs and dances
    for almost all occasions and because of their
    frequent association, their social organization
    was more well-knit than it is today

80
Art
  • first glimpse can be seen in primitive tools and
    weapons that were polished along the lines of
    leaves and petals of flowers
  • can also be seen in beads, amulets, bracelets,
    and other ornaments made of jade, red cornelian,
    and other stones
  • dyed and ornamented their barkcloth with designs
    of attractive colors

81
  • in the Iron Age, aside from armlets, bracelets,
    rings, and headbands, tattoos also became
    fashionable metals and glass also came into use
    weaving became a preoccupation for women weapons
    were manufactured with designs on their handles
    pottery with incised designs were made and
    carvings made of wood, bone, ivory or horn were
    also done not only for the use of the living but
    also of the dead

82
Sarimanok
utensils
gangsa
83
  • the zigszag designs on ancient lime tubes and the
    ornamental carvings on combs reflect Negrito
    influence
  • Indonesian influence can be seen in the apparel
    of the Kalingas, Maranaos, Manobos and Bagobos
  • Malay influence can be traced to the wood
    carvings found in utensils, boats, and wooden
    shields of the people of Sulu, Mindanao and
    Mountain Province

84
Igorot shields
85
  • Islamic influence can be gleaned from the
    ornamental and decorative art of the Lanao
    Muslims most represent geometric and plant
    designs because Islam is iconoclastic
  • Ifugao art deals with human and animal
    representations but not fish and plant forms
    Ifugao art is functional

86
Igorot bamboo art
87
Sources
  • wikipedia.org
  • tribo.org
  • apat-na-alon-tribe.com
  • aenet.org
  • elaput.org
  • filipiniana.net
  • veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov
  • phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
  • kheper.net
  • msuiit.edu.ph
  • seasite.niu.edu
  • philippines.hvu.nl
  • kabayancentral.com
  • filipinoheritage.com
  • malignosrealm.netfirms.com
  • sinemamalaysia.com.my
  • sacred-texts.com/hin/iml/iml07.htm
  • reflectionsofasia.com/anting_anting.htm
  • gutenberg.org/files/12849/12849-h/12849-h.htm
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