Colonial North America Part II

1
Colonial North America Pt. 2

• Reading
• Chapter 5 (read)
• Chapter 4 (review)

2
Native America

• Adapted and changed.
• Incorporated
• Firearms
• Metal tools
• Learned to build log homes
• Engaged in fur trade.
• Developed a dangerous dependence.
• Continued to assert their independence.
• Played European powers against each other.

3
Native America

• 1701 Iroquois
• British allies.
• Signed treaty of neutrality with French.
• Exploited vulnerabilities of two powers.
• Became a major power broker during the early
  1700s.

4
Native America

• The South
• Maneuvered between the interests of
• England
• Spain
• France
• The West
• Acquired horses (Spanish).
• Enabled them to hunt buffalo herds more
  efficiently.
• Nomadic Plains hunters
• Arose as large numbers of Native peoples moved
  onto the Plains during the 1700s.

5
Native America

• Faced serious challenges
• Growth of British colonies.
• Westward push of English.
• Spread of European diseases.

6
New Spain
7
The Spanish

• New Spain (map next slide)
• Large Spanish speaking population.
• Capital Mexico City.
• Included modern day
• Florida.
• Fierce fights with English and Natives.
• Reduced presence to forts (ex St. Augustine).
• Established friendly relations with runaway
  African slaves.
• New Mexico.
• Isolated from New Spain (like Florida).
• Subsistence agriculture.
• Expanded as settlers followed the valleys and
  streams.

8
The Spanish

• French activity in the Mississippi Valley
• Caused Spanish to
• Create military posts on the fringes of
  Louisiana.
• Establish Franciscan missions among Natives of
  Texas.
• 1750
• Settlement of San Antonio had become the center
  of a developing frontier providence (Texas).
• Colonial outposts settled in modern Arizona.
• California
• Conversion of Natives to Catholicism.
• Subjecting them to Spanish rule.
• Putting them to work raising the subsistence
  needed for a small civil/military establishment
  (hold province).

9
New France
10
The French

• New France
• Used trade with local Natives and alliances to
  establish
• Colonies.
• Military posts.
• Settlements that extended from the mouth of the
  St. Lawrence River through the Great Lakes, down
  the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.
• Placed missionaries/traders in Native communities
  on Mississippi River.
• Established communities of farmers all the way
  down to Baton Rouge, Natchez, and New Orleans.
• Grew wheat Sent to sugar plantations (map pg.
  108).

11
New England
12
New England

• Life in New England.
• Established Church.
• Puritan Congregations governed towns.
• Adult male church members were freemen of towns.
• Selected minister, voted on his salary, elected
  local men to various town offices.
• Little distinction between church and state.

13
New England

• Life in New England.
• Puritan theology and life dominated.
• No religious freedom.
• Established a society where their version of good
  theology would be supreme.
• New England showing Old England how it should be
  done.
• King Charles II
• Act of Toleration 1661.
• Ordered an end to religious persecution of
  dissenters in New England.
• Religious freedom to dissenters (except
  Catholics).
• New England reluctantly accepted the Act.
• Protestant churches allowed to meet openly in New
  England.

14
New England

• Challenges
• Residents left established towns to form new
  towns.
• 1730s
• Puritan communities had taken up most of the
  available land of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and
  Rhode Island.
• Isolated areas left from local Native
  populations.
• Wampanoag, Narragansett, and Pequot.
• New England reached the limit of its land supply.

15
The Middle Colonies
16
The Middle Colonies

• New York
• Ethnically diverse population.
• Puritans, Baptists, Quakers, Catholics, Jews,
  African Americans (slave and free).
• New York City
• One of the fastest growing cities in Colonial
  North America.
• Still, the colony (overall) struggled to attract
  new colonists.
• Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and Maryland
  grew faster.
• Farmers/merchants exporting abundant produce
  through the port of Philadelphia.
• Church and government (two most important
  institutions)
• Colonial officials appointed justices of the
  peace to provide judicial authority in the
  country side.

17
The Middle Colonies

• Property owning farmers
• Selected their own local officials.
• Communities were bound together by kinship and
  economic relations between neighbors.
• More loosely bound communities than in New
  England.
• Land was sold in individual lots.
• Farmers dispersed themselves.
• Villages gradually developed at crossroads (with
  little/no planning).

18
The Backcountry
19
The Backcountry

• Mid 1700s
• Population moving west (map pg. 112).
• Backcountry of Pennsylvania Virginia.
• First great pioneer treks that would take white
  pioneers into the continental interior.
• Pioneers held no legal title to land (swatters).
• Delaware Shawnee lands.
• Viewed pioneers as a threat.
• Created tensions between English and Natives.

20
The South and slavery
21
The South and slavery

• Reading Chapter 4.
• Tobacco
• John Rolfe early 1600s.
• Set the rhythms of work and play in Chesapeake.
• Determined
• Where a planter would live and how he lived.
• Planting, tending, harvesting, and drying the
  leaves took almost ten months out of the year
  (late winter late fall).
• Between time Caught up on chores.
• Repaired buildings and equipment.
• Built new cabins and sheds.
• Cut timber and firewood.
• Social life Quick engagements and marriages.

22
The South and slavery

• Search for a viable labor source
• Cheap enough to ensure profits.
• Indentured servants
• Poverty and despair drove them from England to
  the Chesapeake as servants.
• 1680s
• Economic recovery in England slowed the flow of
  young Englishmen to the Chesapeake tobacco
  fields.
• England gained control over the African slave
  trade.
• Dramatic shift in tobacco labor
• Servants to slaves.
• Early 1600s Small number of Africans in
  colonies.
• Prior to 1660s status unclear (slave or
  indentured)

23
The South and slavery

• 1660s (forward)
• Increasing number of African-Americans elicited
  different (and harsher) treatment than white
  servants.
• Blacks became servants for life (i.e.slaves).
• Discrimination made into law.
• Racist attitudes and economic advantages of a
  slave labor force to shape law.
• Slave Codes.
• 1662 Virginia makes slavery hereditary.
• Ensured natural growth of slavery in the colony.

24
The South and slavery

• How did slaves get to America?
• African slavers
• Armed with European weapons.
• Captured men/women.
• Marched to coast.
• Delivered them in chains to European ships along
  the west coast of Africa.
• Captives died on march. Other chose suicide.
• Middle Passage
• Nightmare of death, disease, suicide, and mutiny.
• Casualties included white crew
• Benin, West Africa White mans grave

25
The South and slavery

• Loss of African lives far more dramatic.
• Slavers were breeding grounds for
• Yellow fever
• Scurvy
• Malaria
• Dysentery (bloody flux)
• Small pox
• Measles
• Typhus
• 18 of all Africans who boarded the slavers in
  Africa died on the Middle Passage.

26
The South and slavery

• Once in Americas
• Seasoning
• Adapted to their new lives as slaves.
• Had to do what they could to maintain culture and
  dignity.
• African American culture and sense of community
  grew slowly.
• Until 1720s.
• Many slaves worked alone (with slave master
  family).
• Worked in very small groups (2 or 3).
• Isolation made creation of distinctive slave
  community difficult.
• On larger plantations, constant new arrivals made
  community development difficult.

27
The South and slavery

• New arrivals
• Had to be taught English.
• Given time to adapt.
• Over time, a slave community was created.
• Wove together and reshaped African and European
  traditions into an African-American culture.

28
The South and slavery

• Early 1700s
• Chesapeake colonies
• Biracial society.
• African Americans and European Americans lived
  with very different expectations and constraints.
• Planters (with slaves)
• Lived well off tobacco.
• More modest farmers
• Impossible to compete with planter elite.
• Poor Virginia Marylanders moved west.
• New immigrants avoided plantation society
  (coast/piedmont).
• Merchants/craftspeople avoided costal Chesapeake.
• Few towns/cities.
• Lacked a sense of community life.
• Chesapeake remained rural.

29
The South and slavery

• The lower South
• Rice.
• Created a plantation society.
• Dominated by the wealthiest colonists.
• South Carolina and Georgia.
• Cultivation of Rice
• Depended on slave labor from the start.
• 60 of S.C. population were slaves (mid 1700s).
• Slaves concentrated on large plantations.
• Little to no contact with white society.
• Developed Creole culture.
• Languages mixed with basic English African.

30
The South and slavery

• Forms of resistance
• Distinctive language, religion, family,
  community a form of resistance.
• Work slowdowns.
• Fake sickness.
• Property theft.
• Damaged property.
• Runaways.
• Slave masters feared revolts.
• Believed some slaves would prefer freedom.
• Feared slavery would cost them their property and
  lives.

31
The South and slavery

• Rumors of slave revolts constant.
• Many plots existed only in the slave master's
  mind.
• To reduce likelihood of revolts
• Armed patrols to police roads and woods.
• Searched for runaways.
• Searched for slaves up to no good.
• Some rebellions did occur
• Few successful.
• Stono Rebellion
• Twenty (or so) slaves gathered at the Stono River
  (near Charleston).
• Seized guns, gunpowder, headed south.
• White militias from Charleston put an end to the
  rebellion.
• Rebels killed, captured, executed.
• South Carolina enacted tough slave codes.

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34
Film, Prince Among Slaves
35
Population Growth Social Class

• British Colonies
• Period of growth 1700s.
• Grew faster than New Spain or New France.
• Why?
• Higher birth rates.
• Lowering mortality rates.
• Immigration.
• French/Spanish limited immigration.
• English encouraged immigration.

36
Population Growth Social Class

• Trans-Atlantic migration
• Created ethnic diversity.
• English.
• Africans Came as slaves.
• Scots.
• Irish.
• Germans.

37
Population Growth Social Class

• British North America
• Upper-class made up of
• Large landowners
• Merchants
• Prosperous professionals
• Wealthy planters lived very comfortable lives.
• Celebrated social mobility.
• Class system was open.
• The entrance of newly successful planters,
  commercial farmers, and merchants into the upper
  class was common.

38
Population Growth Social Class

• British North America
• Large lower class.
• Slaves
• Servants
• Poor families
• 40 of total population.
• Strong middle class.
• ½ might have been classified as middle class.
• Majority were landowning farmers of small to
  moderate means.
• There were also artisans, craftsmen, and small
  shopkeepers.
• Enjoyed standard of living higher than the great
  majority of people in England.

39
Colonial Politics

• Early 1700s
• British government assumed that a decentralized
  administration would best accomplish its goals in
  the colonies.
• Majority of colonies
• Administered by royally appointed governors.
• Exceptions
• Connecticut and Rhode Island.
• Still held charters.
• Taxation handled locally through elected
  assemblies.
• Assemblies elected by white men with property.

40
Religion in Colonial Society

• End of the 1600s
• New intellectual movement arose in Europe.
• The Enlightenment.
• Emphasized the pursuit of knowledge through
  reason and refused to accept ideas based on
  religion or tradition.
• Argued that reason, not revelation or church
  tradition, was the true path to knowledge.
• French thinkers
• Voltair, Rousseau, etc, were the central figures.
• Agreed on one major point Nature could provide
  for all human wants.

41
Religion in Colonial Society

• In the British Colonies
• Only the elite had access to the books/essays
  written by enlightenment leaders.
• Drawn to two aspects of Enlightenment thinking
• Deism
• Social Contract

42
Religion in Colonial Society

• Deism
• The belief that God created the universe so that
  it would operate on the basis of logical, natural
  laws, without divine intervention.
• Denied
• The existence of miracles.
• The need for prayer.

43
Religion in Colonial Society

• Social Contract
• John Locke
• Political essays
• Essay Concerning Human Understanding
• Two Treatises of Government
• Argued that humans have certain natural rights
  that could not be given away nor taken from them.
• Unalienable rights.
• Right to own ones self.
• Right to own ones labor.
• Right to own property.
• In exchange for protection from government people
  agreed (social contract) to obey the laws.

44
Religion in Colonial Society

• According to Locke
• The government receives its authority from the
  people it governs.
• Government cannot claim a divine right to rule.
• The people express their will in the government
  through elected assemblies.
• The government is obligated to (1) Protect its
  citizens and (2) Serve the interest of the
  people.
• If government fails to do these two things
• The people have the right to rebel.

45
Religion in Colonial Society

• Deism
• Attracted few ordinary colonists.
• However, many colonists were impressed by the
  growing religious diversity.
• Religious toleration as a practical option.
• NOT religious freedom.
• No colony allowed Catholics to vote or hold
  office.
• Some colonies made it a crime to deny the
  Trinity.
• Established churches went unchallenged
• In the South (Anglicanism)
• In the North (Congregationalism)

46
Religion in Colonial Society

• While religious diversity was growing
• The number of colonists who were indifferent to
  matters of religion was also growing.
• Women very involved in religious matters.
• Men usually too caught up in their place in the
  economy.
• Preaching considered too intellectual.
• 1720s Most colonists expected very little from
  the churches.

47
The Great Awakening

• Charismatic preachers.
• Denounced obsession with wealth.
• Condemned the sinfulness and depravity of all
  people.
• Warned of eternal hellfire.
• Praised the saving grace of Jesus Christ.
• Revival that sprung from this preaching The
  Great Awakening.

48
The Great Awakening

• New preaching style
• Arrived in the colonies during the 1720s.
• Two travelling preachers
• William Tennent
• Denounced local churches for their lack of
  devotion to God.
• Established Log College train fiery preachers
  to spread revival throughout the colonies.
• The revival spread throughout communities.
• Jonathan Edwards
• New England congregation
• 1734 Introduced revival.
• Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

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The Great Awakening

• George Whitefield
• Greatest awakening preacher.
• Former friend of John Wesley.
• Anglican Church (Church of England).
• Separated over Calvinism.
• Came to colonies in 1740.
• Large crowds gathered to hear him preach.

50
The Great Awakening

• Challenges to the Great Awakening
• Many ministers turned over their pulpits to
  awakening preachers.
• Many ministered angered by the criticisms of
  their preaching.
• And by the suggestion that they were not true
  Christians.
• Opponents
• Counterattacked.
• Old Lights (Congregationalist)
• Old Side (Presbyterian)
• Supporters
• New Lights (Congregationalist)
• New Side (Presbyterian)
  Charles Chauncy

51
The Great Awakening

• Awakened believers
• Left traditional churches.
• Joined Baptist, Methodists, or Presbyterian
  Churches.
• The Great Awakening
• Increased strife and tensions in colonies.
• Spurred the growth of higher education.
• New Colleges Princeton and Rutgers.
• Old Colleges Harvard and Yale.
• A sense of protest that would lay the foundation
  for the American Revolution.