Ancient Greece

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Ancient Greece

• The First Great Western Civilization

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Map of the Mediterranean
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Map of Ancient Greece
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Ancient Greek Society

• Began with the creation of city-states around 800
  B.C.
• Ended when the Romans invaded in 146 B.C.
• Renowned for development of society as a whole

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Athens and Sparta

• Athens a democratic Greek city-state run by the
  Assembly
• Development of art and learning were important
• Sparta a rotational monarchy (two kings)
• Had a full-time army
• Helots serfs/slaves

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Greek Influences

• Greek society produced two major improvements we
  use today
• Democracy
• Trial by jury
• English is primarily derived from three
  languages
• Latin
• Germanic/German
• GREEK

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Men and Women

• Women
• Limited freedom outside of the home (no Olympics)
• Home was the womans domain ordering slaves
  about
• Men
• Commonly away from home (politics/work)
• For fun drinking parties with male friends
  women did not attend

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The Great Temple

• the Parthenon
• Built to honor the goddess Athena (patron goddess
  of Athens)
• Use of Doric (short and wide) and Ionic (long and
  slender) columns was cutting edge for the time
  period

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Greek Clothing

• Wool in the winter
• Linen in the summer
• Mostly made by slaves at home
• Sometimes bought at market (rich Greeks)
• Very simple tunics

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The Greek Diet

• Olives, figs, and grapes grown
• Goats for milk and cheese
• Bread where wheat could be grown
• Fish and seafood
• Meat rarely eaten used as a sacrifice for the
  gods

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A Tainted Society

• Despite the advances of Greek society, they
  relied heavily on slave labor for most day to day
  activities.
• Ways to Become a Slave
• Be conquered by the Greeks
• Be abandoned by your parents
• Be born a slave
• Be sold into slavery for money

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Greek Mathematics

• Euclid
• Proved all right angles are equal, how triangles
  and circles work, and much more!
• Pythagoras
• Pythagorean Theorem (area of right triangles) a²
  b² c²
• Archimedes
• Archimedean screw (allows water to flow uphill)

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Greek Philosophy

• Socrates
• Socratic method
• By asking questions, one can ascertain what
  others truly know.
• Charged with corrupting the youth
• Sentenced to death
• Drank hemlock even though he had a chance to
  escape

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Greek Medicine

• Hippocrates
• Diagnosed patients based on symptoms
• First to diagnose symptoms of pneumonia and
  epilepsy
• Believed in good diet, rest, and cleanliness
• Hippocratic Oath is still taken by doctors
  starting out in the medical field today!

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Greek Poets

• Aesop
• Ethiopian slave
• Creator of many fables still taught today
• Homer
• Blind poet credited with the creation of two
  great epic poems
• The Iliad
• The Odyssey

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Greek Drama

• tragedy
• a tragic protagonist (hero) suffers because of
  his/her actions
• Sophocles
• Oedipus Cycle
• Oedipus Rex
• Oedipus at Colonus
• Antigone

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Greek Sport

• Olympics
• 776 B.C. (the first that we know about)
• Only event was a 210 yard run (a cook won)
• the marathon
• Greeks defeat Persians at the Battle of Marathon
• messenger runs 26.2 miles, says, we won, and
  dies on the spot

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Greek Mythology

• Explaining the Way Things Are Through the GODS!

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The role of gods and goddesses
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The Ancient Greeks believed in many different
gods and goddesses. The Greeks believed that
these gods and goddesses controlled everything in
their lives. There was a god for many aspects of
life. It was important to please the gods happy
gods helped you, but unhappy gods punished you.
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The Greeks believed that the most important gods
and goddesses lived at the top of Mount Olympus,
the highest mountain in northern Greece.
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The gods were a family and, just like a human
family, they argued as well as looking after each
other.
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In the beginning
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Then, without male help
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Gaia and Uranus

• Gaia and Uranus start creating children
• Cyclopes
• Hecatonchires
• Titans (12 of them)
• Uranus is ashamed of them, so he locks them in
  Tartarus.
• Gaia is sad and asks her children for help.
• Only Cronus (the youngest) volunteers
• He castrates his father and throws the genitals
  into the sea (Aphrodite)

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The Titans

• Godlike giants who ruled before the Olympian gods
• Six sons and daughters of Gaia (earth) and Uranus
  (sky)
• Personifications of the forces of nature
• Fought and defeated by Zeus and the Olympian gods

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Zeus
Zeus is the supreme ruler of Mount Olympus and of
the gods who reside there.
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Zeus King of the Gods

• Overthrew father, Cronus
• Associated with weather
• lightning, thunder, rain
• Examine the picture on the left. Who does this
  remind you of?

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Hera Queen of the Gods

• sister/wife of Zeus
• Associated with marriage and birth
• Virginity returns every year with a dip in the
  well of Canathus
• Children conceived without Zeus help
• Constantly jealous of Zeus (he cheats A LOT!)

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Hades God of the Underworld

• brother of Zeus
• Helpers
• Charon ferryman
• Cerberus three headed hound of Hell
• Wears a helmet given to him by the Cyclopes that
  makes him invisible
• Considered to be the Rich One
• Other gods dislike him

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Poseidon
Poseidon is the god of the sea, earthquakes, and
horses.
Poseidon is also the father of the one-eyed
cyclopes.
Odysseuss excessive pride angers Poseidon.
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Poseidon God of the Sea

• brother of Zeus
• Associated with the sea, earthquakes, and horses
• An extremely moody god (hence the reason the sea
  changes so rapidly)
• Impregnated Medusa and created Pegasus

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Helios/Apollo
As the god of the Sun, Helios rides a chariot
drawn by horses through the sky, bringing light
to the earth.
Odysseus angers Helios when his men ignore
Helioss warnings.
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Apollo God of Light and Purity

• son of Zeus (Artemis twin brother)
• Born on the floating island of Delos surrounded
  by swans
• Considered god of
• Music
• Prophesy
• Archery, just archery
• Plague

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Ares God of War

• Only son of Hera and Zeus (all the others were
  conceived without Zeus assistance)
• Associated with spears, dogs, and vultures
• Young and handsome, yet vain and cruel
• Does not care who wins battles just happy blood
  is being shed

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Hephaestus God of Fire

• son of Zeus and Hera
• Associated with fire, volcanoes, craftsmen
• Born crippled/lame
• Hera throws him off of Mount Olympus
• Married to Aphrodite because of magic throne
  incident

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Hermes
the messenger of the gods
In addition to being the god of invention,
commerce, and cunning, Hermes is also Zeuss son.
Hermes helps Odysseus several times in The
Odyssey.
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Hermes Messenger of the Gods

• son of Zeus from one of his nights out
• Associated with travel, athletics, and thieves
• Known for being quite cunning and intelligent
• Brought dreams to mortals and the dead to the
  underworld
• Created the first lyre, boxing, and foot-races

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Demeter Goddess of the Earth

• Zeus sister-lover
• Associated with the earth, farming, grain
• Taught mankind to plough and sow she makes
  things grow
• Mother of Persephone, Queen of the Underworld

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Athena
Athena is the goddess of wisdom, war, the arts,
industry, justice and skill. She is also Zeuss
daughter.
She frequently helps Odysseus, who was well-known
for his clever mind.
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Athena Goddess of Wisdom

• Sprung, fully grown, from the head of Zeus
• He ate his first wife because he feared a male
  stronger than himself.
• Associated with the arts, justice, and skill
• Patron goddess of Athens (Parthenon)

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Aphrodite Goddess of Love

• Sprang from the froth created by Uranus severed
  genitals
• Associated with love and sexual desire
• Married to Hephaestus (he was the steadiest of
  the gods)
• She cheated on him constantly (Ares)
• Accompanied by the Graces
• Lovers of all things beautiful that bestow talent
  upon mortals

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Artemis Goddess of the Hunt

• daughter of Zeus and Apollos twin sister
• Associated with the wilderness, hunting, and
  virginity (eternal virgin)
• Born a day before Apollo (she helped deliver him)
• Divine healer, but also brought with her plague
  and disease

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Some goddesses both help and hinder Odysseus
during his journey home.
Circe, a goddess and enchantress will use her
magic to toy with Odysseus.
The sea goddess Calypso delays Odysseuss return
home because of her desire for companionship.
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Wrath of the Gods

• Basic rule
• Dont make the gods angry!
• One example
• Prometheus (son of Zeus) stole fire from the gods
  and gave it to mankind
• When this was discovered, Zeus chained him to a
  rock and had an eagle tear at his liver by day.
  Each night the liver grew back.
• Heracles freed him.

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Persephone Goddess of the Underworld

• Daughter of Demeter and Zeus
• Associated with harvest time
• Abducted by Hades because of her beauty
• Ate pomegranate seeds (sign of fertility) and was
  bound to Hades forever
• Three months a year, things do not grow because
  Persephone is in the underworld