Arts History 1750-1900

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Arts History1750-1900

• Classical Period
• Romantic Period

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Classical Period
Classical Period
1750-1820
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Compare and ContrastBaroque Period and
Classical Period

• Baroque Period
• Rhythm
• A continuous, perpetual motion
• Mood
• Music with a single emotion
• Texture
• Homophonic and polyphonic
• Dynamics
• Abrupt shifts in dynamics
• Keyboards
• The harpsichord and organ were the main
  instruments

• Classical Period
• Rhythm
• Unexpected pauses, many changes in tempo
• Mood
• Music that fluctuates in mood
• Texture
• Homophonic
• Dynamics
• Gradual changes in dynamics
• Keyboards
• The piano was the main keyboard instrument

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Compare and ContrastBaroque Period and
Classical Period

• Compare the first movement of Vivaldis Spring
  from The Four Seasons with the second movement of
  Mozarts Piano Concerto No. 21. Can you
  differentiate between Baroque and Classical
  concertos? Try to answer these questions
• How are the two orchestras different?
• Which concerto has more songlike melodies?
• Which concerto exhibits the more dramatic
  contrasts of dynamics, texture, and density?
• How do the roles of solos and accompaniment
  differ in the two concertos?
• Which concerto uses the more subtle dynamic
  shading?
• Answers
• The Mozart orchestra is larger and makes use of
  woodwind tone colors in addition to the strings.
• The Mozart concerto
• The Vivaldi concerto
• In the Vivaldi concerto, there is a clear
  differentiation between the sections where the
  soloists play and when the orchestra plays. The
  Mozart is a more subtle integration between
  soloists and orchestra.
• The Mozart concerto

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Classical PeriodArtwork

• Look at this famous painting from the Classical
  period.  The woman is dressed like a classic
  Greek statue.  There is just the lamp and couch,
  no other furniture.  The colors are not bright
  and shocking, but soft and gentle.  The overall
  image is sharp, simple, calm, elegant, and
  orderly.  Many of the paintings of the Classical
  period had these traits. 
• Music of the Classical period was clean, elegant,
  balanced, controlled, and simple, just like the
  painting above.  

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Classical Period 1750-1820

• The Classical period is also known as the Age of
  Reason. This was an era of intellectual
  enlightenment that begun during the Baroque
  period. Reason was seen as the best guide for
  human conduct.
• Although the Classical Era lasted for only 70
  years, there was a substantial change in the
  music that was being produced.
• Classical music placed a greater stress on
  clarity with regard to melodic expression and
  instrumental color. Although opera and vocal
  music (both sacred and secular) were still being
  written, orchestral literature was performed on a
  much broader basis.
• The orchestra gained more color and flexibility
  as clarinets, flutes, oboes, and bassoons became
  permanent members of the orchestra.

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Classical Period 1750-1820

• The Classical style can be reflected in this
  English garden.
• Perfect form
• Mirrored image
• Symmetry
• Simple and elegant
• The classical style was dominated by homophonic
  texture, which consisted of a single melodic line
  and an accompaniment. New forms of composition
  were developed to adapt to this style.
• The piano replaces the harpsichord as the main
  keyboard instrument of the Classical period.

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Classical PeriodArtwork

• Many sonatas are written for the piano, the
  instrument showcased in this painting.
• Based on the dreamy colors and hazy lines, what
  type of music do you think the girl at the
  piano is playing?

Two Young Girls at the Piano, 1892
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Classical PeriodTerms

• Countermelody melodic idea that accompanies a
  main theme
• Sonata a work in several movements for one or
  more instruments
• Symphony orchestral composition, usually in
  four movements (fast, slow, minuet, fast)
  typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes
• String Quartet composition for two violins, a
  viola, and a cello
• Chamber Music music using a small group of
  musicians, with one player to a part
• Theme and Variation a basic musical idea that
  is repeated over and over each time

10
Classical PeriodImportant Figures and Events

• Industrial Revolution - a period in the late 18th
  and early 19th centuries when major changes in
  agriculture, manufacturing, production, mining,
  and transportation had a profound effect on the
  socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain.
  The changes subsequently spread throughout
  Europe, North America, and eventually the world.
  The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a
  major turning point in human society almost
  every aspect of daily life was eventually
  influenced in some way.

11
Classical PeriodImportant Figures and Events

• United States Declaration of Independence - a
  statement adopted by the Continental Congress
  on July 4, 1776, which announced that the
  thirteen American colonies then at war with
  Great Britain were now independent states, and
  thus no longer a part of the British Empire.
• George Washington elected first President of
  the United States of America in 1789

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Classical PeriodComposers

• Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
• The most famous composer of his time. He helped
  develop new musical forms, like the string
  quartet and the symphony. In fact, even though he
  didn't invent it, Haydn is known as the Father
  of the Symphony. He wrote more than 100!
• Haydn was born in the tiny Austrian town of
  Rohrau, where his father made huge wooden carts
  and wagonwheels. His mother was a cook. When he
  was 8, Joseph went to Vienna to sing in the choir
  at St. Stephen's Cathedral, and to attend the
  choir school. Joseph could never resist a playing
  a joke, which got him in trouble at school.
• At first, Haydn struggled to earn a living as a
  composer. Then, he got a job with a rich,
  powerful family named Esterhazy. It was Haydn's
  job to write music for the Esterhazy princes, and
  to conduct their orchestra. Haydn composed
  symphonies, operas, string quartets, and all
  kinds of other music for performance at the
  Esterhazy court.
• Haydn was also a good businessman. Music
  publishing made him and his music famous all over
  Europe. After he retired from working for the
  Esterhazy family, Haydn made two very successful
  trips to England, where audiences at concerts of
  his music treated him like a superstar.

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Classical PeriodFranz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
14
Classical PeriodComposers

• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
• Born in Salzburg, Austria, where his father
  Leopold was a violinist and composer. Wolfgang
  was a child prodigy. He composed his first piece
  of music at age five he had his first piece
  published when he was seven and he wrote his
  first opera when he was twelve. By the time
  Wolfgang was 6, he was an excellent pianist and
  violinist. He and his sister Maria Anna traveled
  all over Europe performing for royalty.
• When he grew up, Mozart moved to Vienna, and
  tried to earn a living as a pianist and composer.
  But he had a lot of trouble handling the fact
  that he was no longer a child prodigy. Mozart was
  still a musical genius, but after he stopped
  being a cute kid, people stopped making a big
  fuss over him. Back then, musicians were treated
  like servants, but Mozart did not, and could not
  think of himself as a servant.
• Mozart was only 35 when he died. During his short
  life, he composed in all different musical forms,
  including operas, symphonies, concertos, masses,
  and chamber music. He composed over 600 works!
  Today, he is still considered a genius.

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CompositionsDon Giovanni - Act I

• Spain, 1600s. At night, outside the
  Commendatore's palace, Leporello grumbles about
  his duties as servant to Don Giovanni, a
  dissolute nobleman. Soon the masked Don appears,
  pursued by Donna Anna, the Commendatore's
  daughter, whom he has tried to seduce. When the
  Commendatore himself answers Anna's cries, he is
  killed in a duel by Giovanni, who escapes. Anna
  now returns with her fiancé, Don Ottavio. Finding
  her father dead, she makes Ottavio swear
  vengeance on the assassin.
• At dawn, Giovanni flirts with a high-strung
  traveler outside a tavern. She turns out to be
  Donna Elvira, a woman he once seduced in Burgos,
  who is on his trail. Giovanni escapes while
  Leporello distracts Elvira by reciting his
  master's long catalog of conquests. Peasants
  arrive, celebrating the nuptials of their friends
  Zerlina and Masetto when Giovanni joins in, he
  pursues the bride, angering the groom, who is
  removed by Leporello. Alone with Zerlina, the Don
  applies his charm, but Elvira interrupts and
  protectively whisks the girl away. When Elvira
  returns to denounce him as a seducer, Giovanni is
  stymied further while greeting Anna, now in
  mourning, and Ottavio. Declaring Elvira mad, he
  leads her off. Anna, having recognized his voice,
  realizes Giovanni was her attacker.

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CompositionsDon Giovanni - Act I (con.)

• Dressing for the wedding feast he has planned for
  the peasants, Giovanni exuberantly downs
  champagne.
• Outside the palace, Zerlina begs Masetto to
  forgive her apparent infidelity. Masetto hides
  when the Don appears, emerging from the shadows
  as Giovanni corners Zerlina. The three enter the
  palace together. Elvira, Anna and Ottavio arrive
  in dominoes and masks and are invited to the
  feast by Leporello.
• During the festivities, Leporello entices Masetto
  into the dance as Giovanni draws Zerlina out of
  the room. When the girl's cries for help put him
  on the spot, Giovanni tries to blame Leporello.
  But no one is convinced Elvira, Anna and Ottavio
  unmask and confront Giovanni, who barely escapes
  Ottavio's drawn sword.

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CompositionsDon Giovanni - Act 2

• Under Elvira's balcony, Leporello exchanges
  cloaks with Giovanni to woo the lady in his
  master's stead. Leporello leads Elvira off,
  leaving the Don free to serenade Elvira's maid.
  When Masetto passes with a band of armed peasants
  bent on punishing Giovanni, the disguised rake
  gives them false directions, then beats up
  Masetto. Zerlina arrives and tenderly consoles
  her betrothed.
• In a passageway, Elvira and Leporello are
  surprised by Anna, Ottavio, Zerlina and Masetto,
  who, mistaking servant for master, threaten
  Leporello. Frightened, he unmasks and escapes.
  When Anna departs, Ottavio affirms his confidence
  in their love. Elvira, frustrated at her second
  betrayal by the Don, voices her rage.

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CompositionsDon Giovanni - Act 2 (con.)

• Leporello catches up with his master in a
  cemetery, where a voice warns Giovanni of his
  doom. This is the statue of the Commendatore,
  which the Don proposes Leporello invite to
  dinner. When the servant reluctantly stammers an
  invitation, the statue accepts.
• In her home, Anna, still in mourning, puts off
  Ottavio's offer of marriage until her father is
  avenged.
• Leporello is serving Giovanni's dinner when
  Elvira rushes in, begging the Don, whom she still
  loves, to reform. But he waves her out
  contemptuously. At the door, her screams announce
  the Commendatore's statue. Giovanni boldly
  refuses warnings to repent, even in the face of
  death. Flames engulf his house, and the sinner is
  dragged to hell.
• Among the castle ruins, the others plan their
  future and recite the moral such is the fate of
  a wrongdoer.

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Classical PeriodComposers

• Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
• Born in Bonn, Germany. His father, who was a
  singer, was his first teacher. After a while,
  even though he was still only a boy, Ludwig
  became a traveling performer, and soon, he was
  supporting his family.
• In his early twenties, Beethoven moved to Vienna,
  where he spent the rest of his life. Beethoven
  was one of the first composers to make a living
  without being employed by the church or a member
  of the nobility.
• At first, he was known as a brilliant pianist.
  But when he was around 30 years old, Beethoven
  started going deaf. Even though he could no
  longer hear well enough to play the piano,
  Beethoven composed some of his best music after
  he was deaf!
• Beethoven is considered one of the greatest
  musical geniuses who ever lived. He may be most
  famous for his nine symphonies, but he also wrote
  many other kinds of music chamber and choral
  music, piano music and string quartets, and an
  opera.

20
CompositionsSymphony No. 5

• Beethovens Symphony No. 5 premiered in Vienna in
  December 1808 on the same night as the composers
  Symphony No. 6 and Piano Concerto No. 4. It was
  an instant success with the critics and audience.
  They responded to the storytelling nature of the
  music and its dramatic impact. The ominous
  opening C minor motif transforming into the C
  major fanfare of the finale appealed to the new
  Romantic ideal of the age.
• The symphony, and the four-note opening motif in
  particular, are well known worldwide, with the
  motif appearing frequently in popular culture,
  from disco to rock and roll, to appearances in
  film and television. During World War II, the BBC
  used the four-note motif to introduce its radio
  news broadcasts because it evoked the Morse code
  letter "V" ( , "victory").

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CompositionsSymphony No. 5

• From the director of Disneys Fantasia
• When I listened to the music, it sounded like a
  great controversy was going on between good and
  evil, It was pretty clear to me that a battle was
  going on. There was a little bit of melody and a
  lot of power. I came up with these triangular
  shapes to represent the two sides. The good
  shapes would move like butterflies the bad ones
  would move more like bats. I didnt want to be
  too literal. Its more fun to let that reveal
  itself. The music and the tempo are so fast, you
  dont really have a lot of time to study things.
  You get hit with all this passion and when its
  over you take a breath. The good shapes are
  multicolored and attracted to the light. The bad
  shapes, represented in dark colors, want to
  attack them and stop them from reaching the
  light.

22
CompositionsSymphony No. 9

• The Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral"
  is the last complete symphony composed by Ludwig
  van Beethoven. Completed in 1824, the choral
  Ninth Symphony is one of the best known works of
  the Western repertoire, considered both an icon
  and a forefather of Romantic music, and one of
  Beethoven's greatest masterpieces.
• Symphony No. 9 incorporates part of "Ode to Joy",
  a poem by Friedrich Schiller written in 1785,
  with text sung by soloists and a chorus in the
  last movement. It is the first example of a major
  composer using the human voice on the same level
  with instruments in a symphony, creating a work
  of a grand scope that set the tone for the
  Romantic symphonic form.

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CompositionsSymphony No. 9
Ode To Joy" is an ode written in 1785 by the
German poet, playwright and historian Friedrich
Schiller. The poem celebrates the ideal of unity
and brotherhood of all mankind.

• Oh friends, not these tones!
• Let us sing more cheerful songs,
• And more joyful.
• Joy! Joy!
• Joy, beautiful spark of gods
• Daughter of Elysium,
• We enter drunk with fire,
• Heavenly one, your sanctuary!
• Your magic binds again
• What custom strictly divided.
• All men become brothers,
• Where your gentle wing rests.
• Whoever has had the great fortune
• To be a friend's friend,
• Whoever has won a devoted wife,
• Join in our jubilation!
• Indeed, whoever can call even one soul,

Glad, as His suns fly Through the Heaven's
glorious design, Run, brothers, your race,
Joyful, as a hero to victory. Be embraced,
millions! This kiss for the whole world!
Brothers, above the starry canopy Must a loving
Father dwell. Do you bow down, millions? Do you
sense the Creator, world? Seek Him beyond the
starry canopy! Beyond the stars must He dwell.
Finale repeats the words Be embraced, you
millions! This kiss for the whole world!
Brothers, beyond the star-canopy Must a loving
Father dwell. Be embraced, This kiss for the
whole world! Joy, beautiful spark of gods,
Daughter of Elysium, Joy, beautiful spark of
gods
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Romantic Period
1820-1900
25
Romantic PeriodArtwork

• This painting was made at the end of the
  Classical period of music, in 1824.  The girl's
  face is not calm like in the painting above. 
  This girl is afraid.  There are more colors in
  this painting, and they are more vivid. 
• Do you see the crosses at the bottom of the
  image?  The girl is sitting in a graveyard. 
  This painting has more emotion and is more
  intense than the image above.  
• The artist, Delacroix, is considered a painter of
  the Romantic period because of the use of bold
  colors and strong emotions found in his
  paintings.

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Romantic Period1820-1900

• The Romantic period was a period during the
  nineteenth century and early twentieth century
  when composers created music that often exploded
  with emotion.
• Romanticism rejected Classicisms attempt to
  impose laws on nature. Rather, its goal was to
  emancipate human feeling from delicate and
  intimate expressions to the most colossal,
  world-shaking emotional outbursts.
• The problem in the nineteenth century was how far
  to go with this new freedom. The opposite of
  complete intellectual rule is complete emotional
  rule. Both extremes present disadvantages and
  difficulties.
• Instead of working for wealthy bosses, composers
  were for the first time able to work for
  themselves.
• New instruments, or ones that had been modified
  in some way, allowed composers to write music for
  entirely new sounds and for new instrument
  combinations.

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Romantic PeriodTerms

• Rubato a slight holding back or pressing
  forward of tempo
• Art Song a composition for solo voice and piano
• Program music instrumental compositions that
  attempt to convey a specific idea without using
  lyrics
• Program symphony a pictorial or descriptive
  orchestral work in several movements
• Idee fixe a fixed melodic idea that recurs
  throughout all movements of a symphony
• Nationalism music created with a specific
  national identity, folk songs, dances, or history
  of their homelands

28
Romantic PeriodImportant Figures and Events

• Charles Darwin (1809-1882) an English naturalist
  who realized and presented compelling evidence
  that all species of life have evolved over time
  from common ancestors, through the process he
  called natural selection.

29
Romantic PeriodComposers

• Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)
• Berlioz was not a child prodigy, did not start
  serious study of music until he was an adult,
  and, unlike most other composers, never learned
  to play the piano or any other instrument.
• At his fathers wish, he enrolled in medical
  school instead. While in Paris studying for this
  degree, he became very interested in opera and
  started taking composition lessons. Furious, his
  father cut off all financial support. Still,
  through hard work, various musical successes and
  study at the Paris Conservatory, Berlioz achieved
  his ambition to be a composer.
• Berlioz was noted for his orchestral writing and
  is credited with creating the modern orchestra.
  His ideas were quite grand his Requiem uses an
  orchestra of 190, four additional brass and
  percussion ensembles, and a 210-voice chorus!
  Berlioz new style of musical composition led
  directly to the Romantic era.
• Although he wrote several major musical works,
  Berlioz was better known in his lifetime as a
  music critic than as a composer. He also
  conducted most performances of his own works, not
  trusting this responsibility to anyone else.

30
CompositionsSymphonie Fantastique

• Berlioz was a passionate man, and he poured his
  emotions into his scores. Symphonie Fantastique
  is a strong example of how Berlioz translated
  his life into music.
• The impact that Beethoven had on Berlioz is
  evident in the work, but no less evident is
  Berliozs originality in opening up new paths
  that Beethoven had not explored, and the sound
  world of Berlioz is entirely his own.
• His infatuation with actress Harriet Smithson
  is revealed by the recurring love theme in the
  piece (idee fixe).

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Romantic PeriodComposers

• Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
• Franz Schubert was born in Vienna, Austria. In
  addition to playing several instruments, Franz
  also sang very well. When he was 10, he was
  accepted at the Imperial and Royal Seminary,
  which trained boys for the Court Chapel Choir.
  That choir still exists today as the Vienna Boys'
  Choir.
• Schubert wrote his first symphonies for his
  school orchestra, and for friends of the family
  who used to get together to play -- the whole
  Schubert family was very musical.
• Schubert also wrote piano, choral, and chamber
  music, but he is probably most famous for
  composing over 600 lieder songs (German art
  songs). He had a profound ability to capture the
  emotional essence of a poem in his music.
• Schubert led a disorganized life and had a
  difficult time publishing works and making a
  living.

32
CompositionsThe Erlking

• Who rides in the dark through cold and
  wind? My handsome boy, will you come with
  me?It is a father with his young son For my
  lovely daughters are waiting nowHe hold the
  sick child close to his chest, They will lead a
  series of dances each night,He holds him tightly
  to keep him warm. And cheer you with sweet songs
  to give you delight, And cheer you with
  sweet songs to give you delight. My son, what
  causes such fear in your face? Oh, Father,
  there, the Erlking is near. Oh Father, oh
  Father, do you not see thereI see the Erlking
  with crown and robe! The Erlkings daughters
  peer through the dark?My son, you see just fog
  and mist. My son, my son, I see it so
  clear An old willow tree shines dimly and
  gray.My lovely child, come, go with me!
  For splendid fun and games we will play I
  love you, child, your delicate figure
  delightsAll shades of flowers grow along the
  shore If you are not willing, then I shall use
  force.And my mother has some clothes made of
  gold. Oh Father, oh Father, hes reaching for
  me! Erlking has hurt me, he grabs my
  hands !Oh Father, oh Father, can you hear him
  now, The Erlking whispering magic to? The
  father shudders, he rides swiftly onPlease
  calm down, please be quiet, my child He
  clutches closer the weak moaning child,You hear
  the cool breeze rustling dead leaves. To reach
  the house with toil and dread Only to find
  that his son. . .is dead.
• The Erlking is a narrative ballad and is an
  example of an art song. The text is from a poem
  of the same title by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
  The poem describes a struggle between a father of
  a gravely ill son and the phantom figure,
  Erlking. The Erlking, who symbolizes death,
  wants to claim the child. In Schuberts work, a
  rapid triplet pattern of repeated notes is
  sounded on the piano. This could signify the
  frantic struggle for possession of the child.

33
Romantic PeriodComposers

• Frederic Chopin (1810-1849)
• He was one of the greatest pianists of his day.
  He is known as the poet of the piano. Chopin
  was born in a town just outside of Warsaw,
  Poland. His mother introduced him to the piano
  by the time he was six, Chopin played extremely
  well and was starting to compose. He gave his
  first concert at the age of eight.
• When Chopin was 20, he left Poland to seek fame
  and fortune in other European cities. When Chopin
  got to Paris, he decided to stay.
• There's a story that when Chopin left his native
  country, his friends gave him some Polish soil,
  which he carried around with him for the rest of
  his life. That's probably not true, but Chopin
  did continue to be passionately patriotic about
  Poland, even though he never went back there.
• Chopin was never healthy, and he was only
  thirty-nine when he died of tuberculosis. When he
  was buried -- in France -- a special box of earth
  was brought from Poland to sprinkle on his grave.
  But Chopin's heart is in Poland -- literally. His
  heart was put in an urn and taken to the Church
  of the Holy Cross in Warsaw.

34
Romantic PeriodFrederic Chopin (1810-1849)
Nocturne in E flat Major