1750-1914: An Age of Revolutions

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1750-1914 An Age of Revolutions

• Latin American Independence Movements

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Background

• Indigenous peoples and civilizations
• Maya, Aztec, Inca
• European Colonization, 1500s
• Spain, Portugal, France
• American Revolution, 1776
• French Revolution and Enlightenment, 1789
• Napoleons conquests within Europe, 1800s

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Latin American Independence Movements, 18th
19th C.
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French colonies Revolution in Haiti

• Saint Domingue, now known as Haiti
• Western third of island of Hispanola in Caribbean
  Sea.
• Plantation slavery, sugar

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Toussaint LOuverture

• (too-SAN loo-vair-TOOR)
• Former slave, self-educated.
• Untrained in military and political matters, but
  became a skilled general and diplomat.
• Allegedly got name (opening in French) from
  being able to find openings in enemy lines.
• Took leadership of a slave revolt that broke out
  in 1791.
• 100,000 slaves in revolt.

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• By 1801, LOuverture moved into Spanish Santo
  Domingo (the eastern two-thirds of the island of
  Hispanola), took control of territory and freed
  slaves.
• In January 1802, French troops landed.
• Toussaint agreed to an end of fighting if the
  French would end slavery
• French accused him of planning another uprising.
• Sent him to a prison in the French Alps.
• He died 10 months later, April 1803.

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Jean-Jacques Dessalines

• Toussaints general.
• Took up the fight.
• Jan 1, 1804 - declared an independent country.
• First black colony to free itself from European
  control.
• He called it Haiti, mountainous land, in the
  language of the native Arawak inhabitants.
• Became first emperor of Haiti later assassinated
  in a revolt.
• 1820 Haiti became an independent republic

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Spanish Colonies Revolutions against Spanish
Rule
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Latin American social classes

• Peninsulares - men born in Spain
• held highest offices
• Creoles - Spaniards born in Latin America
• officers in army, but not in government
• often resented power of the peninsulares
• Mestizos - mixed European and Indian
• Mulattos - mixed European and African
• Indians

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European Background Napoleon

• Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808.
• Removed Spains King Ferdinand VII and made
  Joseph (Naps brother) king of Spain.
• Creoles used it as a reason for revolution.
• 1810 rebellion across Latin America.
• 1814, Napoleon defeated and Ferdinand returned to
  power, but creoles contd their movement.

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Francisco Goya, Executions of May 3, 1808
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Simon Bolivar

• Wealthy Venezuelan creole.
• The Liberator

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Venezuelan Independence, 1821

• Venezuela declared independence, 1811.
• Bolivars armies unsuccessful at first.
• 1819 Bolivar marched armies over Andes into
  todays Colombia, defeated Spanish army.
• 1821 Venezuelan independence.
• Marched north to Ecuador to meet Jose de San
  Martin.

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Jose de San Martin

• Simple, modest man.
• Born in Argentina, spent time in Spain as
  military officer.

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Lima, Peru
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Argentinean Independence

• Argentina declared independence in 1816.
• San Martin led army across Andes to Chile, joined
  by Bernardo OHiggins, and freed Chile.
• Ecuador, 1822 San Martin met with Bolivar to
  decide how to remove remaining Spanish forces in
  Lima, Peru.

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• San Martin sailed for Europe and died on French
  soil in 1850.
• Dec 9, 1824, Bolivar defeated Spanish at Battle
  of Ayacucho.

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Bolivar
San Martin
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Gran Colombia, 1820-1830

• Bolivars vision of a united South America.
• Present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and
  Panama.
• Short-lived due to dissension amongst various
  factions.
• Bolivar resigned in 1828.
• In 1830, Bolivars Gran Colombia divided into
  Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
• Panama later split from Colombia with US
  assistance, 1903.

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Mexico

• Indians and mestizos, not creoles, played the key
  role in independence movements.
• Creoles sided with Spain to avoid violence of
  lower-class rebellions (until 1820).

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Miguel Hidalgo

• A village priest, believed
• in Enlightenment ideals.
• 1810, called for revolution.
• Grito de Dolores (call for revolution)
• Hidalgos Indian and mestizo followers marched to
  Mexico City.
• Spanish army and creoles acted against Hidalgo
  and defeated him in 1811.

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Jose Maria Morelos

• Took leadership after Hidalgos defeat.
• Defeated by creoles.

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Mexican Independence, 1821

• 1820 revolution in Spain put a liberal government
  in power.
• Mexican creoles feared loss of influence, so they
  united against Spain.
• Agustin Iturbide declared himself emperor, but
  was overthrown.
• 1824 Establishment of the Mexican Republic.

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Results of Latin American Independence Movements

• Political/Social
• Continued battles between liberals, conservatives
  and the military over how to best rule.
• Tensions between articulate political forces and
  the separate masses.
• Economic
• Unable to free itself from dependence on
  Western-controlled economic patterns.
• Cultural/intelligent
• Distinct cultural entity
• combination of Western styles and values plus its
  racial diversity, colonial past, and social
  structure of a semi-colonial economy.

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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

• A caudillo, strong arm ruler.
• Fought for independence from Spain in 1821 and
  again in 1829 when Spain tried to reconquer
  Mexico.
• Between 1833 and 1855, president four times
• switched sides to keep himself in power
• Santa Anna was Emperor of the largest empire in
  world history, stretching from southern Mexico
  through Texas, all of what is now the US
  southwest, California and some of Oregon, a
  rather large parcel of territory.
• Was Emperor for a short time until Texas
  defeated Mexico in its War of Independence, but
  never really had control of his empire

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Texas Revolt

• 1820s, Mexico invited English-speaking settlers
  (Anglos) to settle Mexican territory of Texas.
• Cheap land if they supported the Mexican govt.
• Texans soon wanted self-govt, Mexico refused.
• 1835, Stephen Austin encouraged revolt.
• Santa Anna led Mexican troops defeated, 1836.
• 1845, US annexed Texas invaded Mexico.
• 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo gave US land.

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Benito Juarez

• Poor, orphaned Zapotec Indian law degree and
  local governor.
• La Reforma reform movement
• redistribution of land, separation of church and
  state, education
• Santa Anna sent him into exile.
• Set up a liberal government, but plagued by
  conservative rebels.

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French Rule

• Conservative rebels plotted with France to
  reconquer Mexico.
• Napoleon III sent armies to Mexico.
• Cinco de Mayo, 1862
• Zaragoza won the Battle of Puebla against the
  French, but the French won the war.
• Napoleon III appointed a relative, Austrian
  archduke Maximilian, as emperor of Mexico.
• Juarez resisted, US sent troops to Mexico -
  French gave up in 1867.
• Juarez continued reforms.

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Porfirio Diaz, 1870s-1911

• Mid-1870s, new caudillo.
• Indian who rose up through the ranks.
• Supported by Indians, small landowners and
  military.
• Order and progress, but no liberty.

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Mexican Revolution (against Diaz)

• Francisco Pancho Villa - Robin-Hood policy
• Emiliano Zapata - Tierra y libertad
• Francisco Madero - appointed President, but
  resigned and was murdered.
• General Victoriano Huerta took presidency.
• Villa and Zapata supported Venustiano Carranza,
  overthrew Huerta.
• Carranza murdered Zapata.
• 1917, new constitution (in use today).
• Carranza otherthrown by Alvaro Obregon.

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Portuguese Rule

• Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 divided the
  Atlantic between Spain and Portugal.
• Portugal was mostly focused on routes to Asia in
  the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Brazilian Independence

• In 1807, Napoleon marched on Iberian peninsula,
  forcing Portuguese royal family of King John VI
  to escape to Brazil, Portugals largest colony.
• From 1807 to 1815, Brazil was center of
  Portuguese empire.

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• With defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Portugal wanted
  Brazil to become a colony again.
• By 1822, creoles demanding independence signed a
  petition asking Portugals prince, Dom Pedro, to
  rule Brazil.
• On Sept 7, 1822, Dom Pedro agreed, and declared
  Brazils independence
• Emperor Pedro I, to emulate Napoleon and to unify
  various elements of Brazil.
• Pedros political and personal problems led to a
  decline in his popularity.
• 1889, Brazilians overthrew Pedros successor and
  declared their country a republic.

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United Provinces of Central America

• Several other Central American states declared
  their independence from both Spain and Mexico to
  create the United Provinces of Central America.

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• By 1841, United Provinces of Central America had
  split into republics of El Salvador, Nicaragua,
  Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras.
• Conservative clergy and wealthy landowners
  resisted liberal, democratic reforms.
• Inability to agree to terms of a canal cost it
  much-needed revenue.

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Period of Consolidation, 1825-1850

• Breakdown of original nations and groups
• Gran Colombia
• an original union between Bolivia and Peru
• United Provinces of Central America
• Instability of internal politics
• Bolivia experienced 60 revolts and coups.
• Venezuela experienced 52 revolts and coups
• Liberals - free trade, representative govt,
  federal government system
• Conservatives - protect church and upper classes
• controlled most regimes between 1830 and 1870.
• Independence movements and new governments run by
  Creoles
• Spanish administrators had excluded Creoles from
  political leadership, so few leaders could
  actually run a government.

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Growing significant role of the military

• Stepped in to fill admin positions where
  inexperienced Creoles failed.
• Often drawn from independence armies.
• Possessed organization skills
• Gained support of Creole landowners and church
  officials eager to suppress peasant unrest.
• Often faced revolts and coups, too.
• Military hierarchy helped compensate for weakly
  developed civil administrations.

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Achievements

• Expansion of education system, open new lands to
  settlement, abolish slavery.
• Stability in foreign affairs - map fixed after
  1850
• In 1820, Britain established Uruguay as a buffer
  between Argentina and Brazil
• US provoked the only major changes
• Mexican-American War, Cuba, Panama

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Late 19th century Trends Strongman Rule,
Liberalism, commercial development

• Dictators in Venezuela, Mexico, Colombia
• Caudillo strongman leader
• Relied on force
• outlawed opposition, regulated schools and
  newspapers
• used jails, police and firing squads
• often corrupt
• sometimes supported liberal policies
• Liberal governments return to power
• Even strongmen often supported liberal policies
• regular elections, but with restricted voting
  rights (oligarchic democracies)

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Trend towards Commercial Development

• Mining
• Estate agriculture (Shift from plantation)
• Extension of road and rail networks.
• Foreign investment.
• Immigration.
• End of slavery in 1880s
• Leads to new demand for labor
• Argentinas policies encouraging immigration led
  to 3/4 of the pop foreign-born.

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Latin American Independence Movements, 18th
19th C.