World War I A.K.A.

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World War I A.K.A.The Great War
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World War I---statistics

• 65,038,810 Military personnel involved
• 8,020,780 Military deaths
• 6,642,633 Civilian deaths
• 21,228,813 Military Wounded
• 281,887,000,000 in early 20th century dollars.

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General Causes of the War

• Industrial Revolution
• Development of Arms Industries
• Social Reforms
• Voting Reforms and Rights
• Compulsory Military Service
• Creation of a German nation
• Franco-Prussian War
• Imperialism
• Africa

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Imperialism 1900
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Imperialism 1945
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Franco-Prussian War

• Prussia provoked a war with France in order to
  unite Germany.

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World War I---Motives (Germany)

• Wanted to become more influential among European
  neighbors
• Wanted to amass a colonial empire

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World War I---Motives (Austria-Hungary)

• Simply wanted to survive as an empire.
• Was a collection of people who had little in
  common.
• Its Balkan provinces wanted to break away.

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World War I---Motives (France)

• Wanted to recover Alsace-Lorraine
• Wanted to get revenge on Germany for its loss in
  the Franco-Prussian War.

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World War I---Motives (Russia)

• Was under the threat of revolution
• Czar Nicholas II was trying to keep the Romanov
  dynasty alive.
• Wanted to restore prestige that Russia lost in
  the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.
• Wanted to present itself to the world and own
  citizens as the spiritual, cultural, and military
  champion of all Slavic peoples.

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World War I---Motives (Britain)

• Britain was more concerned with its colonial
  possessions in Africa, India, and Asia.
• The continuation of the British Empire depended
  on a stable Europe.
• Germany threatened the status quo.
• Naval arms race began between Britain and Germany.

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World War I---Alliances

• 1879-The Dual Alliance (Germany and Austria
  Hungary against Russia)
• 1881-Austro-Serbian Alliance (Austria-Hungary
  made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia
  gaining control of Serbia)
• 1882-The Triple Alliance ( Germany and Austria-
  Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy
  from taking sides with Russia)

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World War I---Alliances

• 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance (Russia formed an
  alliance with France to protect herself against
  Germany and Austria-Hungary)
• 1904 Entente Cordiale (This was an agreement, but
  not a formal alliance, between France and
  Britain)
• 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente (This was an
  agreement between Britain and Russia)

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World War I---Alliances

• 1907 Triple Entente (This was made between
  Russia, France and Britain to counter the
  increasing threat from Germany)
• 1914 Triple Entente-No separate peace (Britain,
  Russia and France agreed not to sign for peace
  separately)

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World War I---Central powers

• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

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World War I---Triple Entente

• Great Britain
• France
• Russia

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Gavrilo Princip

• Born on his fathers farm in West Bosnia June 13,
  1894.
• Had a good education, but was quick with his
  fists and was sensitive to any kind of insult.
• Boarded in the house of Danilo Ilic, a
  revolutionary. Princip emerged after three years
  dedicated to cause of overthrowing
  Austria-Hungary.

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Gavrilo Princip (2)

• 1912Tried to enlist in the Serbian army but was
  rejected for being too small and weak. Became
  homeless
• Made friends with 19 year old Nedeljko Cabrinovic
  with whom he fantasized about killing the
  Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

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Count Leopold Graf Berchtold
The man who miscalculated and started World War
One.
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The Kaisers Pledge
Germany would back Austria-Hungary even if it
meant war with Russia. Serbia would surely
accede to Austrian demand?
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Ultimatum

• 10 demands were made of Serbia.
• Serbia accepted all of the demands but one.
• To accept the collaboration in Serbia of
  representatives of the Austro-Hungarian
  Government for the suppression of the subversive
  movement directed against the territorial
  integrity of the Monarchy
• Austria severed diplomatic relations with Serbia
  and Berchtold got his war and much, much more.

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Mobilizations

• Russia conducted a partial mobilization on the
  Austrian border.
• Germany mobilized its navy in the North Sea.
• Britain mobilized its Grand Fleet.
• On July 31, 1914 Austrian river boats began
  shelling Belgrade.

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France vs. Germany

• 1914 French Army-- 4.5 million men
• 1914 German Army5.7 million men
• France14 modern dreadnoughts and 15 earlier
  pre-dreadnoughts. 76 submarines plus 81
  destroyers.
• Germany13 dreadnoughts and 30 older battleships.
  30 submarines plus 152 destroyers.

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Britain

• 160,000 man army (all volunteer)
• 24 modern dreadnoughts and 38 pre-dreadnoughts.
• 76 submarines
• 47 cruisers (contains some of the firepower of a
  battleship)
• 225 destroyers

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Russia

• 1914 5.3 million men
• Population of Russia was 77 million vs. 41
  million for Germany.
• 4 dreadnoughts, a single battle cruiser, 7
  pre-dreadnoughts, 8 heavy cruisers, 5 light
  cruisers, 36 submarines, 106 destroyers.

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Austria-Hungary

• 19142.3 million men
• 3 dreadnoughts, 12 pre-dreadnoughts, 3 heavy
  cruisers, 4 light cruisers, 14 destroyers, and 14
  submarines.

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World War I---The Schlieffen Plan

• Plan to prepare for war on two fronts
• Invade France with overwhelming force and
  lightning speed while holding off Russia.
• This plan required invading neutral Belgium.
• WeaknessGerman high-command believed it was
  perfect (like a machine) They failed to tweak
  the plan in the chaos of war.

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World War I---French Plan 17

• War plan aimed at recovering Alsace-Lorraine.
• Totally offensive plan with no defensive
  strategy.
• Lacked a sound strategyplanned to mobilize their
  first line of forces assuming the Germans would
  do the same thing.

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British Naval Strategy

• Protect key trade routes
• Hold offensive operations in check until naval
  superiority is achieved

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German Naval Strategy

• Avoid confrontations between capital ships
• Lay mines in enemy harbors
• Use submarines to attack merchant shipping and
  chip away at Britains naval superiority

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Battle at helgoland Bight

• August 28, 1914Admiral Beatty
• Britain ventured into German waters to pick a
  fight the Germans took the bait.
• Britain sunk four light cruisers and a thousand
  German sailors were lost
• Britain lost 35 sailors with one ship damaged.

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U-Boat War Begins

• September 22, 1914 U-9 sank three British
  cruisers off the Dutch coast in one hour
• Other British ships were damaged or sunk by
  U-boat attack during October.
• Unrestricted submarine warfare would help bring
  the U.S. into the war.

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U-Boat War Begins
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U-Boat War Begins
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U-Boat War Begins
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U-Boat War Begins
The U stands for Unterseeboot (Under Sea
Boat).
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U-Boat War Begins
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Razzle Dazzle
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Razzle Dazzle
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Razzle Dazzle
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East Asiatic Squadron

• German Pacific fleet defeated and older British
  fleet off the coast of Chile, killing all hands
  on two heavy cruisers.
• The same German fleet was defeated at the
  Falklands by newer British vessels.
• The German surface fleet was taken out of the
  picture after this battle.

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Lusitania

• Traditionally, merchant ships were warned before
  being torpedo.
• The Tokomaru and the Ikaria (Japanese liners)
  were sunk without warning.
• Feb 4, 1915Germany declared a war zone around
  the British Isles in which all no ships would be
  immune to attack.

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Lusitania (2)

• May 7, 1915 the British liner Lusitania is sunk
  killing 1,198 out of 2,000 civilians including
  128 Americans.
• August 17 The Arabic was sunk.
• September 18 The Hesperia was sunk.
• Germany then suspended U-boat activity in the
  English channel.

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Submarine Countermeasures

• Antisubmarine nets
• Merchant ships outfitted with depth charges
• Hydrophones developed to locate a U-boat by its
  engine noise or the churning screw or
  propeller.

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U.S. World War One

• Reasons for entry into the war
• Unrestricted Submarine warfare
• Lusitania incident
• Zimmerman Telegram (the last straw)

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U.S. World War One
Under President Woodrow Wilson, the United States
declared its neutrality and intended to stay
neutral throughout the war. This neutrality was
hard to maintain because of trading ties with
Europe, especially Britain.
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U.S. World War One
The United States declared war on Germany on
April 6, 1917, bringing the worlds largest
economy into the conflict.
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U.S. World War One
The U.S. refused to allow American troops to
become European reinforcements taking orders from
foreign officers. They were to be under American
command.
General Blackjack Pershing, commander of the
U.S. forces.
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U.S. World War One
U.S. effect on World War One 1. U.S. navy could
now actively hunt U-boats and more vigorously
protect convoys. 2. The U.S. declaration of war
provided an immediate morale boost to Britain
and France, who were in danger of losing the war
to a new German offensive. 3. Fresh U.S. troops
provided relief to the British and French
armies, demoralizing the thinning German ranks.
4. Importation of Spanish flu into the European
theatre by U.S. troops. 5. Ensured a victory
for the allies.
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World War I---Food Rationing
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Spanish Flu Pandemic 1918
Emergency hospital at Fort Riley, Kansas, the
first area of outbreak.
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Spanish Flu Pandemic 1918
I had a little bird His name was Enza. I opened
up the window And in flew Enza.
-Childrens rhyme
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Spanish Flu Pandemic 1918
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Spanish Flu Pandemic 1918
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Spanish Flu Pandemic 1918
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Battlefronts of World War I

• Western Front
• Stalemate
• 1st Battle of Marne prevented a quick German
  victory.
• Soldiers fought from trenches
• Battle lines remained unchanged.

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Battlefronts of World War I

• Elsewhere in Europe
• Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and helped
  defeat its old Balkan rival--Serbia.
• Romania joined Allies, but was crushed by Central
  Powers.
• Italy was unable to stop Central Powers advance.

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Battlefronts of World War I

• Ottoman Empire
• Joined the Central Powers
• Turks fought on three fronts Dardanelles,
  Caucasus, and the Middle East.

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Battlefronts of World War I

• Colonies
• European colonies were drawn into the war.

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World War One Endgame

• President Wilson did not want American lives to
  be sacrificed in vain. He said that this war was
  the war to end all wars. He came up with a
  program for peace called the 14 Points.

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The 14 Points

• Have open, public negotiations
• Freedom of navigation upon the seas
• Remove all international economic barriers
• Reduce armaments to peacetime levels
• Impartial adjustment of colonial claims
• Evacuation of Russian territory
• Evacuation of Belgium
• Evacuation of French territory and return of
  Alsace-Lorraine to France.
• Determine a border for Italy

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The 14 Points

• Austria-Hungary should develop independently.
• Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be
  evacuated.
• Turkey should develop independently.
• Creation of an independent Polish state.
• Formation of a League of Nations.

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The Germans Fold

• American and French troops advance through the
  Argonne Forest.
• British troops advance through Flanders.
• Ludendorff advises Kaiser Wilhelm II to seek an
  armistice.

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What is an armistice?
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Armistice Agreement
Germany wanted to negotiate with President
Wilson instead of the British or French leaders.
President Wilson was tough and firm and wanted
an unconditional surrender. Ludendorff wanted to
keep fighting instead of meeting Wilsons
term. Kaiser Wilhelm asked for Ludendorffs
resignation.
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Armistice Agreement
The Allies wanted the Kaiser to step down, but
the Kaiser resisted. Internal pressure finally
forced the Kaiser to flee to the Netherlands.
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Armistice Agreement Facts
Calls for an immediate end to the
fighting. Lasts for 30 days Withdrawal of
German troops from occupied territories. Surrende
r of large amounts of German War materials,
aircraft, and ships.
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Armistice Agreement Facts
The agreement was signed in a railcar in
Compiegne, France at 5 a.m. on November 11, 1918.
The agreement took effect at 11 a.m. on
November 11, 1918. (Eleventh hour of the eleventh
day of the eleventh month). After that, all was
quiet on the Western Front.