Motivation and Emotion

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Motivation and Emotion

• McElhaney

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Basics of Motivation

• There are links between motives and emotions
• Basic motives- Hunger-thirst are monitored within
  the brain
• Motivated behavior- Is influenced by
• Learned habits
• External cues
• Cultural values
• Activities are related to needs for stimulation
  and to maintain arousal

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Motivation why we act as we do

• What are your goals?
• Why do you pursue them?
• How vigorously do you try to reach them?
• When are you satisfied?
• When do you give up?

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Basic Model of Motivation

• Dynamics of behavior in the way actions are
• Initiated
• Sustained
• Directed
• Terminated

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Example of Food Seeking

• Initiated by bodily need
• Search was sustained
• Action directed by possible sources
• Terminated by attained goal

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The Model (Motives)

• Motivational Activities- begin with needs
• Need is an internal deficiency
• Needs cause -? Drive energized state that
  facilitates a need
• Drives --?activate a response an action or
  series of actions to attain a goal
• Goals are targets of motivational behavior

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Difference between Needs and Drives

• Needs are stronger than drives
• Drives fluctuate in strength

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External Stimuli

• Motivated behavior can be energized by the pull
  of External Stimuli
• And push of internal needs

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Incentives

• The pull of a goal Incentive Value
• Incentive Value The goals appeal beyond ability
  to fill a need

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Action is a Mix

• Internal needs and External Incentives
• (types of conflicts are associated)
• Incentive value of goals helps us understand
  motives that dont come from internal needs
• Example success status-approval

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Types of Motives 3 Categories

• Primary-(innate)
• Based on biological needs
• Must be met for survival
• Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance
• Air, sleep
• Elimination of waste

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Stimulus Drives

• Sky diving, horror movies, the FunZone,
• Level of arousal is linked to motivation

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Motive 2- Stimulus

• Not necessary for survival
• Stimulus Drives reflect need for
• Need for stimulation
• Need for information
• Activity curiosity
• Exploration- manipulation
• Physical contact
• Sensory input

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Arousal Theory

• Says ideal levels of activation exist for various
  activities
• Arousal refers to activation of body nervous
  system
• Zero_at_death.com no arousaldeath
• Low during sleep or boredom
• Moderate during daily activities
• High at times of excitement, emotion, panic, fear
  and anxiety

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Levels of Arousal

• We perform best when we have a Moderate level of
  Arousal
• Not too passive/not too anxiousPerformance

• Inverted U Function
• Says at low levels of arousaldecrease
  performance
• More arousal improved performance

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Levels of Arousal 2

• Ideal level arousal depends on complexity of the
  task
• Simple tasks--?Best for arousal to be high
• Complex tasks ? best for low/moderate arousal

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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Sensation Seekers

• People learn to seek particular levels of arousal
• Sensation seeking scale Thrill adventure
  seeking
• Experience seeking
• Disinhibition
• Boredom Susceptibility

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Motive 3-Secondary Motives

• Learned motives
• Learned needs or drives and goals
• Making musicCompeting
• Learned need for
• Power
• Affiliation
• Status
• Security
• Approval
• Achievement
• Fear aggression are learned

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Primary Motive is Homeostasis

• Biological needs- direct much of our behavior
• Are used to maintain body balance Homeostasis
• Hunger (motive) is a regular cycle each day
• Good example of how internal and external factors
  direct behavior
• Liver affects hunger

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Hunger 2

• Stomach size some indication of hunger
• Glucose- level in blood and
• hypoglycemia low blood sugar level
• Feeling of hunger causes stomach contractions
• Liver sends nerves signal to brain ? desire to eat

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Primary Motives Continued

• Thirst, Sex, and pain avoidance
• Thirst 2 kinds
• Extra-cellular thirst- when water is lost from
  fluids surrounding cells
• Bleeding, vomiting, sweating, drinking alcohol
• Intra-cellular thirst
• Salt level
• Draws fluid out of cells

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Pain-

• Drive to avoid painepisodic
• Takes place at certain episodes when body is or
  is about to be damaged
• Prompts us to avoid pain
• Pain tolerance- is learned- raise of lower
  tolerance

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Brian Mechanisms

• There are many parts of brain associated with
  motivation

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Hypothalamus

• does regulate motivation and emotion
• Thirst, hunger, sexual behavior
• Is sensitive to sugar in the blood
• Receives neural messages from liver and stomach
• One part signals hunger feeding system
• Which initiates eating

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Hypothalamus 2

• Lateral hypothalamus- (hunger feelings)
• When electrified causes animals to eat
• If destroyed no eating

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Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus

• Part of Hypothalamus relates directly to Satiety
  (fullness) feelings stop mechanism
• If destroyed overeating
• (Bottom medium part of the hypothalamus)
• Marijuana-Mary-Jane causes a hypothalamic
  response Munchies

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Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus

• Affects hunger helps keep blood sugar level
  steady
• Both- starts and stops eating
• Sensitive to Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
• Large amount hunger

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Glucagon -Like Peptide 1 (GLP1)

• Causes eating to cease
• Released by intestines
• After eating a meal
• In blood then to brain
• 10 minutes after eating- (eat slow eat less)

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Set Point- Thermostat

• When fat levels rise
• Leptin- Fat cells release-?tells brain to stop
  eating.
• The body is homeostatic when we are at the set
  point and then it is activated to reach the set
  point when we fall below.

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Taste Aversion

• Associated with nausea
• Classical conditioning
• Biological tendency- associate food with sickness
  
• Protective

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Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa
• Adolescent Females lt5-10 malegt
• Severe Dieting
• Compulsive attempt to lose weight
• Do not seek or desire food
• 1 in 20 die of malnutrition

• Bulimia Nervosa
• Gorge on food then vomit
• Take laxatives to avoid weight gain

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Causes of Bulimia Anorexia

• Women dissatisfied with bodies
• Distorted view of themselves
• They think theyre fat, exaggerated fears of
  becoming fat.
• Distorted Messages from media
• Compulsion- comparing to models
• Distorted body image
• Perfect daughter control issues
• Shame, guilt, self contempt, anxiety

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Treatment of Eating Disorders

• Medical diet
• Behavioral Counseling- self monitoring of food
  intake
• Extinction training (to end the learned behavior)
  urge to vomit
• Cognitive approach-
• Change the thinking patterns belief system
  about weight body image
• Usually people need outside support and urging
  from family

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Sex Drive

• Sex Drive ones motivation to engage in sexual
  behavior
• Mammals- female-hormone- Estrus Heat
• Caused by Estrogen

• Male animals
• Ready to mate
• sex drive aroused by behavior sent of
  receptive female

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Human Sex Drive

• Non-Homeostatic- it works independent of bodily
  need
• Sex drive in men is related to ?amount of
  Androgens male hormone
• Produced by testes
• (puberty- increases supply of androgens)

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Women Sex Drive

• Produce Androgens? causes increase in sex drive

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Human Sex Drive

• Human sex Drive can be aroused at anytime
• Sexual activity- does not prevent sexual desire
• Sex drive can be aroused Reduced
• The Coolidge Effect
• Male sex drive can be aroused repeatedly with new
  sexual partners.

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Circadian Rhythms

• Internal Biological Clocks
• 24 hour cycle
• Guide Body Activity
• Liver
• Kidney
• Blood Pressure
• Endocrine Glands

Peak During Day Adrenaline is 3-5x higher
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Test Anxiety Pg 445
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Learned Motives

• We learn to pursue excellence
• Reinforcers-
• Praise money, success--?affect goals and desires

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Opponent Process Theory

• Richard Solomon (1980)
• Explains learned motives
• Example drug addiction
• If a stimulus causes a strong emotion ltFear or
  Pleasuregt an opposite emotion tends to occur when
  stimulus ends
• Stimulus of pain Pain ends ?relief

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Opponent Process Theory 2

• Pleasure Drug use end of drug use
• Pleasure ends craving discomfort develops
• In love feel good when lover is present
• Take away lover discomfort when they are not
  there
• If stimulus is repeated- our response is
  habituated (gets weaker)
• Emotional after affects get stronger with
  repetition (example- depression when drug use
  ends)

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Social Motives

• Success, money, possessions, status, love,
  approval, grades, power
• Acquired through conditioning socialization
• Due to learned needs

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Need For Achievement (nAch)

• A desire to meet an internal standard of
  excellence
• People strive to do well- in any situation which
  evaluation takes place
• People for high need for achievement enjoy
  challenges chances to test abilities

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Need For Achievement (NACH)

• Mclelland- could predict behavior of high and low
  achievers.
• Characteristics of
• People with high (nAch) dont seek goals that are
  too easy
• Avoid goals that are too risky
• Complete difficult tasks to get grades
• Excel in occupations
• Work harder when they dont do well

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Achievers- Key To Success

• Benjamin Bloom
• Identified via a study
• Found ? drive and determination success

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Achievers- Parents Support Success in Children

• Parents expose children to music, swimming,
  science, (ideas for fun) (Stimulating
  environment more synapses)
• Talent is nurtured by dedication hard work
• Support childs special interest
• Emphasize doing ones best at all times
• Coaching and encouraging practice

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Achievers- Self Confidencepeople believe they
can reach a goal

• Set goals that are specific and challenging but
  attainable
• Visualize the steps you need to reach your goal
• Advance with small steps
• Get expert instruction

• Find skilled models to emulate
• Get support encouragement
• If you fail- regard it as a sign you need to try
  harder

Self Confidence affects Motivation--- Duh
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Abraham Maslow
Described a Hierarchy of Human needs
Self actualizing Full use of personal potential
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• Base of Pyramid Necessary for survival
• Pre-potent Dominant over higher needs
• Deficiency Motives- Activated by a lack of
  food, water, security, love, esteem, or other
  basic need.

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• Growth needs-
• Positive- life enhancing for personal growth.
• Meta needs-
• Higher needs, Tendency for self-actualization

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Meta Needs

• We tend to move up to Meta needs
• A person who meets survival needs then moves to
  meta needs if these are unfulfilled
• They are in a Syndrome of Decay
• Characterized by despair, apathy, and Alienation

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• Syndrome of decay- when we cannot reach our other
  needs
• Most people are concerned with esteem, love,
  security, but they dont get much past that.

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• Intrinsic motivation- we act without any obvious
  external rewards. You are motivated on your own
  part. high achievers
• Extrinsic- external rewards enhance motivation-
  ex money, grades, approval

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creativity

• I love myself
• Creativity is enhanced by personal interest and
  freedom of choice. Killed when you are limited
  (surveillance, rules, conforming)
• Working to get money not being creative

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Children and intrinsic motivation

• If basic skill is lacking, extrinsic activity can
  help develop intrinsic motivation.

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Basics of Emotion

• Emotions help us to adapt to environment
• physiological arousal
• Emotional Knowledge self awareness
• Empathy
• Can manage feelings
• We can use emotions
• Romantic love is in this chapter

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• Help and can cause problems- hate, anger, fear
• Disrupts behavior and damages relationships
• Physiological- bodily responses
• Posture, tone, facial expressions, body language
  emotional outward expressions

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Sympathetic nervous system

• ANS responses to emotion. Sympathetic activates
  emotion, arousal, fight or flight
• Parasympathetic- opposite. Slows down the
  reaction and conserves energy.

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Plutchik

• Plutchiks 8 primary emotions
• Fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger,
  anticipation, joy, and trust/ acceptance
• They fluctuate in intensity and can be mixed and
  yield to another emotion (hybrid emotion)
• Moods are tied to circadian rhythms.

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Brain and Emotion

• Positive emotion left hemisphere.
• Negative emotion right hemisphere.
• Some emotional processing cerebral cortex
• Amygdala fear

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