Chapter 12 Motivation and Emotion

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Chapter 12 Motivation and Emotion
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Motivation

• Motivation Dynamics of behavior that initiate,
  sustain, direct, and terminate actions
• How motivated activities work
• Need Internal deficiency (running low on
  something your body needs i.e. food) causes
  drive
• Drive Energized motivational state (e.g.,
  hunger, thirst) activates a response
• Response Action or series of actions designed to
  attain a goal (driving to McDonald's to get some
  food).
• Goal Target of motivated behavior( getting some
  food).

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Is there more to it?

• The model we discussed is simplistic because
• It dose not explain the behavior that takes place
  after our needs are satisfied (think about over
  eating at Thanksgiving)
• It does not explain the behaviors that dont seem
  to be related to satisfying an internal need such
  as the drive for success and status( wanting a
  Ferrari instead of a geo).

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What else is involved in behavior other than the
motivation

• The answer is the incentive value of the goal
  which is defined as Goals appeal beyond its
  ability to fill a need.
• This is why we go after goals that have no
  obvious effect on our internal needs like having
  second helping of dessert even though we are full
  (after our internal need is satisfied).

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Types of Motives

1. Primary Motives Innate (inborn) motives based on
   biological needs that must be met to survive
   (hunger, thirst, air, pain avoidance)
2. Stimulus Motives Needs for stimulation and
   information appear to be innate, but not
   necessary for survival such as curiosity, the
   need for exploration, and the need for physical
   contact (I believe that its necessary for
   survival).
3. Secondary Motives Based on learned needs,
   drives, and goals. They are usually created
   through the process of socialization to fulfil
   needs for having power, status, and affiliation.
   Example creating a myspace account, winning the
   Super Bowl.

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Primary Motivation and Homeostasis

• Q Why do we have primary motivations?
• A To maintain the body Homeostasis.
• Homeostasis is a Steady state of body
  equilibrium balance.
• When the body is at the homeostasis level
  everything the body needs is at the level for
  ideal performance. In other words the body has
  the right temperature, blood sugar, water, etc...
  for you to perform your best.
• When the homeostasis is disturbed, meaning you
  body is getting low on sugar or is having too
  much sugar, or getting to hot or to cold, your
  body responds through primary motivation to get
  the body back to the ideal level of functioning.

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Primary Motives Hunger

• How do you know that you are hungry?
• Hunger and the need to feed is influenced mainly
  by the blood sugar level in your body.
• When Hypoglycemia Low blood sugar is detected
  through the stomach and the liver. A message is
  sent to the brain to initiate a response to
  restore the body homeostasis.
• The Hypothalamus Brain structure regulates many
  aspects of motivation and emotion, including
  hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.
• The Feeding System Area in the lateral
  hypothalamus, initiates eating when stimulated.
• After the the blood sugar level is restored, the
  Satiety System Area in the hypothalamus
  terminates the eating behavior.
• Damage to the feeding and satiety system can lead
  do dramatic effects (not wanting to eat despite
  hunger and not being able to stop eating despite
  being full)

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More on Eating Behavior

• It takes 10 minutes for you brain to get the
  message from your intestine to know that you are
  no longer hungry (this why its recommended to eat
  slow)
• Aside from the daily level of blood sugar in your
  body, hunger is influenced by the Set Point
  Proportion of body fat that is maintained by
  changes in hunger and eating point where weight
  stays the same when you make no effort to gain or
  lose weight.
• Think of the set point as a memory foam mattress
  (this why your weight stays the same even when
  you are trying to diet).

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Fig. 12-5, p. 392
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The Final Word on Eating Behavior Obesity and
Eating Disorders

• Why do we over eat?
• External Eating Cues Signs and signals linked
  with food (advertisements)
• Socialization and cultural factors.
• Comfort eating .
• Time and money
• Not wanting to waste food.
• Addictive qualities.
• Poor nutritional knowledge.
• Q How do we fix it?
• A Behavioral Dieting Weight reduction based on
  changing exercise and eating habits and not on
  temporary self-starvation.
• Steps in Behavioral Dieting
• Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep
  a chart of daily progress.
• Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned
  habits that tell you to always clean your plate
• Avoid snacks
• Learn to weaken personal eating cues (dont eat
  while you watch TV)

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Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa

• Anorexia Nervosa Active self-starvation or
  sustained loss of appetite that is caused by
  psychological conflicts.
• It is related to control issues.
• It is very difficult to effectively treat
• Overwhelmingly affects adolescent females

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Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa (Binge-Purge
Syndrome)

• Bulimia Nervosa Excessive eating (gorging)
  usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or
  taking laxatives
• It is difficult to treat
• Prozac and Zoloft approved by FDA to treat
  bulimia nervosa
• Affects females overwhelmingly

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Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

• Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of
  becoming fat they think they are fat when the
  opposite is true.
• Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight
  anorectics with perfect control
• Anorectics will often be put on a weight-gain
  diet to restore weight
• Treat with cognitive-behavioral techniques

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Primary motivations Thirst

• Types of thirst
• Extracellular Thirst When water is lost from
  fluids surrounding the cells of the body
• Intracellular Thirst When fluid is drawn out of
  cells because of increased concentration of salts
  and minerals outside the cell.

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Primary motivations Pain Avoidance

• How is pain avoidance different than other drives
  like hunger, thirst, etc...?
• Its not a constant motivation it happens in
  episodes. Episodic drive Occurs in distinct
  episodes when bodily damage takes place or is
  about to occur
• In other motivation like hunger and thirst we are
  seeking stimuli with pain we are running away
  from the stimuli.

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Sex Drive

• Some argue that sex is not a primary motivation
  because its not required for the individual
  survival (your thoughts)
• In lower animals sex drive is mainly influenced
  by the fertility cycles and hormone levels
• Estrus Changes in animals that create a desire
  for sex Hormonal readiness for copulation.
  being in heat.
• Types Of sex Hormones
• Estrogen A female sex hormone
• Androgens Male hormones

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Sex Drive in humans

• In humans, sex drive is
• Non-homeostatic Drive Independent of bodily need
  states or physical deprivation cycles. In other
  words there are no internal cues that trigger the
  body to engage in sex. The sex drive can be
  triggered at any time and any setting.
• Sex drive is weakly influenced by hormones.
  Sexual expression is related to cultural,
  emotional, and mental factors rather than
  biological ones. (i.e. there is no connection
  between the women menstrual cycle and the level
  of sexual activity).

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Stimulus motivations

• These motivations reflect needs for information,
  exploration, manipulation, and sensory input.
• The purpose of the stimuli drive is to satisfy
  our need of maintaining a homeostatic level of
  arousal.
• Arousal Activation of the body and nervous
  system, watching movies, playing a video game,
  making music, drawing a picture, etc...
• In other words, stimuli drive are the things we
  do to help us from being over stimulated or under
  stimulated (boredom).

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Arousal Theory

• Arousal Theory Assumes people prefer to maintain
  ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal.
• What is the ideal level of arousal required for
  optimal performance?
• The answer is explained through Yerkes-Dodsen
  Law If a task is simple (the goal is simple such
  as run fast from point A to B, it is best for
  arousal to be high (sprinting) if it is complex
  (playing basketball which involves a lot of
  strategy, decision making, and concentration),
  lower levels of arousal provides for the best
  performance.
• Q Does every one seek the same level of arousal?
• A No, Some people tend to seek high levels of
  arousal such as extreme sports. Loud stimuli.
  Others tend to seek lower levels of arousal such
  as living in the country, reading a book, playing
  chess. (

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Fig. 12-8, p. 400
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Test Anxiety

• Test Anxiety High levels of arousal and worry
  that seriously impair test performance.
• How to Cope With Test Anxiety?
• Preparation do the work
• Relaxation learn to relax
• Rehearsal imagine the obstacle you may face and
  how to go about handling it
• Restructuring thoughts identify negative
  irrational thoughts and challenge them

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Learned Motives

• Social Motives Acquired by growing up in a
  particular society or culture. Its important to
  have a nice car, or its crucial that you get
  married before age 30.
• What are the needs fulfilled by learned
  motivations?
• Need for Achievement Desire to meet some
  internal standard of excellence or to excel
• Need for Power Desire to have social impact or
  control over others.

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Humanistic view of Motivation Abraham Maslow and
Needs

• Maslow organized Human Needs in a hierarchy based
  on presumed strength or potency of those needs.
• He believed that some needs are more powerful
  than others and thus will influence your behavior
  to a greater degree.

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Maslows Needs

• Basic Needs First four levels of needs in
  Maslows hierarchy
• Lower needs tend to be more potent (prepotent)
  than higher needs
• Love and belonging
• Need for esteem and self-esteem
• Growth Needs Higher-level needs associated with
  self-actualization
• Meta-Needs Needs associated with impulses for
  self-actualization

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Fig. 12-13, p. 406
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Other ways of categorizing motivations

• Types of Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation Motivation coming from
  within, not from external rewards based on
  personal enjoyment of a task or activity (being
  in this class for the sake of learning, not for a
  grade or to fulfill requirements).
• Extrinsic Motivation Based on obvious external
  rewards, obligations, or similar factors (to get
  the grade and fulfill a requirement).

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Emotions

• Emotion It is a state characterized by
  physiological arousal and changes in facial
  expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective
  feelings.
• Q What role do emotions play in our life?
• A they motivate a lot of our of behaviors
• Q What functions do emotions serve?
• A Survival and adaptation fear, love,
  communication

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Th anatomy of Emotions

• There are two different layers of emotion inward
  layer and outward layer.
• Physiological Changes Inward layer (in emotions)
  Include heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration,
  and other involuntary responses
• Emotional Expression (outward layer) Outward
  signs of what a person is feeling

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Feeling v.s mood

• Feeling is the present emotional expense. (I am
  feeling sad right now). It lasts for short
  moments.
• Mood Low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state
  (I am depressed most of the time. It lasts hours,
  days, months).

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Classification of emotions

• Emotion is classified in eight primary ones and
  large numbers of other emotions that are caused
  by a mixture of the primary ones
• The primary emotions are
• Fear
• Surprise
• Sadness
• Disgust
• Anger
• Anticipation
• Joy
• Trust

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Example of non primary emotions

• Joy fear guilt
• love anger fear Jealousy
• Trust fear Submission
• Joy anticipation optimism

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Fig. 12-14, p. 410
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Emotion and Brain

• Facts
• Positive emotions are processed by the left side
  of the brain and negative emotions are processed
  by the right side of the brain. This is why you
  can feel happy and sad a the same time. This is
  also why your right side is more ticklish tan
  your left side.
• The emotion of fear is regulated by Amygdala
  Part of limbic system that produces fear
  responses. This because fear is essential for
  survival the response is process by the amyglada
  directly without involving the brain. This why we
  react without thinking.

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Emotions and physiology

• Emotion has an effect on the Automatic Nervous
  system. Think about fear.
• Parasympathetic Rebound Overreaction of the
  Parasympathetic Branch to intense emotion, can
  cause sudden death. The body over does the
  slowing down of the heart rate to a stop.

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Lie Detectors

• Polygraph Device that records changes in heart
  rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic
  skin response (GSR) Measures sweating.
• It starts by asking the person neutral questions
  to establish a base line reading then the person
  is asked about the information the person is
  suspected of lying about. The drastic difference
  in the reading from the baseline is interpreted
  as telling a lie.
• The lie detector is not real. Its more of an
  emotional state detector rather than a lie
  detector. Baseline reading reflects the
  relaxation state while the lie reading reflects a
  state of anxiety and stress.

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Questions Asked While Taking a Polygraph

• Irrelevant Questions Neutral, nonthreatening,
  non-emotional questions in a polygraph test
• Relevant Questions Questions to which only
  someone guilty should react
• Control Questions Questions that almost always
  provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. Have you
  ever taken any office supplies?)

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Emotion in the social cultural perspective.

• The expression of emotion has an adaptive value
  bearing the teeth is a signal of one wanting to
  be left alone
• Basic facial expressions are universal and inborn
  rather than learned (blind studies)
• Culture plays a role in determining what emotions
  are appropriate to express outwardly
• individualistic culture where autonomy and
  independence is valued, anger is a natural
  accepted expression
• collective cultures where harmony with community
  and cooperation is emphasized expression of anger
  outwardly is frowned upon.
• Gender and emotion women are not more emotional
  than men. Women are socialized to express
  sadness, love, guilt, shame. While men are
  socialized to only express anger and hostility.
  Power v.s nurture.

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Body Language (Kinesics)

• Kinesics Is the Study of communication through
  body movement, posture, gestures, and facial
  expressions.
• Its often used to convey or withhold emotional
  messages. It could be both conscious and
  unconscious.
• It should be considered within the cultural
  context.

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Three Types of Facial Expressions

• Our faces are capable of producing 20000
  expression but there are three basic categories
• Pleasantness-Unpleasantness
• Attention-Rejection
• Activation Degree of arousal a person is
  experiencing

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Can we Detect Lies through body language?

• Usually shifty eyes, and nervously touching ones
  body is associated with lying, but that is not
  reliable measures.
• Reliable body movement that can be indicative of
  deception
• Illustrators Gestures people use to illustrate
  what they are saying
• Tend to decrease when person is lying
• Emblems Gestures that have widely understood
  meanings within a particular culture
• Tend to increase when person is lying

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Theories of Emotion
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James-Lange Theory

• Emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come
  from awareness of such arousal.
• You dont realize that you are afraid until you
  notice the physiological changes associated with
  the emotion of fear.

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Cannon-Bard Theory

• The thalamus (in brain) causes emotional feelings
  and bodily arousal at the same time.
• The physiological response and the feeling of
  fear takes place at the same time

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Schachters Cognitive Theory

• Emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled
  or interpreted on the basis of experience and
  situational cues.
• You experience the emotion after you cognitively
  decide how you should label what you have
  experienced.

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Facial Feedback Hypothesis

• Sensations from facial expressions and becoming
  aware of them is what leads to emotional
  experience.
• Your facial expression tells you what you are
  feeling.
• Making different emotional faces produces
  different physiological responses.