Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress

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Unit 8 Motivation, Emotion and Stress

• Essential Task 8-3 Essential Task  Identify
  and apply basic motivational concepts to
  understand behavior with specific attention
  to instincts for animals, biological factors
  like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant
  conditioning factors like incentives, and
  intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators.

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We are here
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression,
achievement and sex)
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Essential Task 8-3
Outline

• Basic motivational concepts to understand
  behavior
• Instincts for animals
• Biological factors like 
• Drives (Primary vs. Secondary)
• Homeostasis
• Operant conditioning factors
• Incentives
• intrinsic motivators
• Extrinsic motivators

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Motives vs. Emotions

• Motive
• Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst,
  or achievement, that prompts goal-directed
  behavior
• a need or desire that energizes behavior and
  directs it towards a goal.
• Emotion
• Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that
  underlies behavior

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Instincts for animals NOT humans.

• Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed
  patterns throughout the species and are not
  learned (Tinbergen, 1951).

Outline
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Humans dont have instincts

• Fell out of favor in psychology
• A Meta-analysis during the height of this craze
  found 5759 instincts
• Most important human behavior is learned
• Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found
  throughout the species
• Humans have reflexes but not instincts.

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Biological Drives (Primary Drives)

• Unlearned drive based on a physiological state
  found in all animals
• Motivate behavior necessary for survival
• Hypothalamus
• Hunger
• Thirst
• Sex
• Evolutionary biology talks about the four Fs
  (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).

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Homeostasis explains why we stop fulfilling
biological drives.

• The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain
   internal equilibrium or balance.
• A state of psychological equilibrium obtained
  when tension or a drive has been reduced or
  eliminated.

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Secondary Drives not biologically dictated

• Learned drives
• Wealth
• Success
• Fame

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Operant Conditioning Factors

• Incentives environmental cues that trigger a
  motive.
• When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior

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Intrinsic Motivators

• Refers to motivation that comes from inside an
  individual rather than from any external or
  outside rewards, such as money or grades.
• It is stronger than external motivation

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Extrinsic Motivators

• Refers to motivation that comes from external or
  outside rewards, such as money or grades.