Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion

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Chapter 9Motivation and Emotion
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Motivation

• Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, and
  direct or terminate actions

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A Model of Motivational Activities

• Model of how motivated activities work
• Need Internal deficiency causes
• Drive Energized motivational state (e.g.,
  hunger, thirst) activates a
• Response Action or series of actions designed to
  attain a
• Goal Target of motivated behavior
• Incentive Value Goals appeal beyond its ability
  to fill a need

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Types of Motives

• Primary Motive Innate (inborn) motives based on
  biological needs we must meet to survive
• Stimulus Motive Innate needs for stimulation and
  information
• Secondary Motive Based on learned needs, drives,
  and goals

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Hunger Big Mac Attack?

• Homeostasis Body equilibrium balance
• Influences on hunger
• Obesity
• Internal
• Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Substance in
  brain that terminates eating
• Hypothalamus Brain structure regulates many
  aspects of motivation and emotion, including
  hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
• External
• External stimuli that tend to encourage hunger or
  elicit eating these cues may cause you to eat
  even if you are stuffed

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Figure 9.3
FIGURE 9.3 Location of the hypothalamus in the
human brain.
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Behavioral Dieting

• Weight reduction based on changing exercise and
  eating habits and not on temporary
  self-starvation
• Some keys
• Start with a complete physical
• Exercise
• Be committed to weight loss

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Behavioral Dieting (cont'd)

• Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep
  a chart of daily progress.
• Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned
  habits that tell you to always clean your plate.
• Avoid snacks.
• Reward yourself if you change eating habits and
  punish yourself if you do not.

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Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa

• Active self-starvation or sustained loss of
  appetite that seems to have psychological origins
• Control issues seem to be involved
• Very difficult to effectively treat
• Affects adolescent females overwhelmingly

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Figure 9.6
FIGURE 9.6 Women with abnormal eating habits were
asked to rate their body shape on a scale similar
to the one you see here. As a group, they chose
ideal figure is much thinner than what they
thought their current weights were. (Most women
say they want to be thinner than they currently
are, but to a lesser degree than women with
eating problems.) Notice that women with eating
problems chose an ideal weight that was even
thinner than what they thought men prefer. This
is not typical of most women. Only women with
eating problems wanted to be thinner than what
they thought men find attractive
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Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa (Binge-Purge
Syndrome)

• Excessive eating usually followed by self-induced
  vomiting and/or taking laxatives
• Difficult to treat
• Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa
• Affects females overwhelmingly

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Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

• Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of
  becoming fat they think they are fat when the
  opposite is true!
• Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight
  anorectics with perfect control.
• Anorectics will often be put on a weight-gain
  diet to restore weight.

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Thirst and Pain

• Extracellular Thirst When water is lost from
  fluids surrounding the cells of the body
• Intracellular Thirst When fluid is drawn out of
  cells because of increased concentration of salts
  and minerals outside the cell
• Best satisfied by drinking water
• Pain Avoidance An episodic drive
• Distinct episodes when bodily damage takes place
  or is about to occur

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Stimulus Drives - Arousal

• Reflect needs for information, exploration,
  manipulation, and sensory input
• Sensation Seeking/ Inverted U Trait of people
  who prefer high levels of stimulation (e.g., the
  contestants on Eco-Challenge and Fear Factor)
• Yerkes-Dodson Law If a task is simple, it is
  best for arousal to be high if it is complex,
  lower levels of arousal provide for the best
  performance

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Figure 9.11
FIGURE 9.11 (a) The general relationship between
arousal and efficiency can be described by an
inverted U curve. The optimal level of arousal or
motivation is higher for a simple task (b) than
for a complex task (c).
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Learned Motives

• Social Motives Acquired by growing up in a
  particular society or culture
• Need for Achievement (nAch) Desire to meet some
  internal standard of excellence
• Need for Power Desire to have impact or control
  over others

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Abraham Maslow and Needs

• Hierarchy of Human Needs Maslows ordering of
  needs based on presumed strength or potency some
  needs are more powerful than others and thus will
  influence your behavior to a greater degree
• Basic Needs First four levels of needs in
  Maslows hierarchy
• Lower needs tend to be more potent than higher
  needs
• Growth Needs Higher-level needs associated with
  self-actualization
• Meta-Needs Needs associated with impulses for
  self-actualization

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Figure 9.14
FIGURE 9.14 Maslow believed that lower needs in
the hierarchy are dominant. Basic needs must be
satisfied before growth motives are fully
expressed. Desires for selfactualization are
reflected in various metaneeds (see text).
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Types of Motivation

• Intrinsic Motivation Motivation coming from
  within, not from external rewards based on
  personal enjoyment of a task
• Extrinsic Motivation Based on obvious external
  rewards, obligations, or similar factors (e.g.,
  pay, grades)

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Emotions

• State characterized by physiological arousal and
  changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture,
  and subjective feelings
• Physiological Changes Include heart rate, blood
  pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary
  bodily responses
• Emotional Expression Outward signs of what a
  person is feeling
• Emotional Feelings Private emotional experience

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Plutchiks First Four Primary Emotions

• Most basic emotions are
• Fear
• Surprise
• Sadness
• Disgust

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Plutchiks Last Four Primary Emotions (cont'd)

• Anger
• Anticipation
• Joy
• Acceptance

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Figure 9.15
FIGURE 9.15 Primary and mixed emotions. In Robert
Plutchiks model, there are eight primary
emotions, as listed in the inner areas. Adjacent
emotions may combine to give the emotions listed
around the perimeter. Mixtures involving more
widely separated emotions are also possible. For
example, fear plus anticipation produces anxiety.
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Brain and Emotion

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Neural system
  that connects brain with internal organs and
  glands
• Sympathetic Branch Part of ANS that activates
  body for emergency action
• Parasympathetic Branch Part of ANS that quiets
  body and conserves energy
• Parasympathetic Rebound Overreaction to intense
  emotion

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Lie Detectors

• Polygraph Device that records heart rate, blood
  pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response
  (GSR) lie detector
• GSR Measures sweating
• Irrelevant Questions Neutral, emotional
  questions in a polygraph test
• Relevant Questions Questions to which only
  someone guilty should react by becoming anxious
  or emotional
• Control Questions Questions that almost always
  provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. Have you
  ever taken any office supplies?)

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Body Language (Kinesics)

• Study of communication through body movement,
  posture, gestures, and facial expressions
• Facial Blends Mix of two or more basic
  expressions

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Three Types of Facial Expressions

• Pleasantness-Unpleasantness Degree to which a
  person is experiencing pleasure or displeasure
• Attention-Rejection Degree of attention given to
  a person or object
• Activation Degree of arousal a person is
  experiencing

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Theories of Emotion

• James-Lange Theory Emotional feelings follow
  bodily arousal and come from awareness of such
  arousal.
• Cannon-Bard Theory The thalamus (in brain)
  causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to
  occur at the same time.
• Schachters Cognitive Theory Emotions occur when
  a label is applied to general physical arousal.
• Attribution Mental process of assigning causes
  to events attributing arousal to a certain
  source.
• Facial Feedback Hypothesis Sensations from
  facial expressions and help define what emotion
  someone feels.

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Figure 9.21
FIGURE 9.21 Theories of emotion.
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A Modern View of Emotion

• Emotional Appraisal Evaluating personal meaning
  of a stimulus
• Emotional Intelligence Combination of skills,
  including empathy, self-control, self-awareness,
  sensitivity to feelings of others, persistence,
  and self-motivation

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Figure 9.23
FIGURE 9.23 A contemporary model of emotion.