Motivation

1
Motivation
2
(No Transcript)
3
What is Motivation?What do you think it means?
4
Motivation

• The forces that act on or within an organism to
  initiate and direct behavior
• A need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior

5
Motivation

• Activation initiation or production behavior
• Persistence continued effort to get something
• Intensity greater vigor of responding

6
Theories

• Theories have proved weak over time, but we take
  a little from each and evolved

7

• Instinct Theories
• Motivation is innate and due to genetic
  programming
• Instincts are rigidly patterned throughout a
  species and is inborn instincts

8

• Instinct Theories
• Animals display instinctive behavior patterns
  such as migration and mating behavior
• IE. Salmon returning to their birth place, birds
  migrating south for the winter

9
Instinct

• A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is
  rigidly patterned throughout a species
• William James listed 37 instincts.
• Difficulty using instincts to both label and
  explain behaviors

10
Instinct Motivation

• Examples of Instincts
• Rivalry Submission
• Sympathy Modesty
• Fear Secretiveness
• Shyness Repulsion
• Cleanliness Jealousy
• Food-Seeking Curiosity
• Sociability Combativeness
• Parental Love Hunting
• Mating Constructiveness

11
Why
Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?
12
Why is Sally so quiet and timid?
13
Why is Dave so overweight?
14
Why does Jane beat her children?
15
Why do people do the things that they
do?(Instinct Theory)

• Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?
  Combativeness Instinct
• Why is Sally so quiet and timid? Shyness
  Instinct
• Dave is overweight and cant stop eating because
  of his food-seeking instinct.
• Jane beats and neglects her children because she
  wasnt born with a parental love instinct.

16

• By 1920s and 1930s theory is out, but the idea
  that some human behaviors are innate and
  genetically programmed remained an important
  element in the overall understanding of
  motivation

17
Drives

• Aroused tension states created by imbalances
• Prompt an organism to restore the balance,
  typically reducing the drive
• Part of drive-reduction theory

18
DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY

• Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce
  internal tension caused by unmet biological needs
• A physiological need creates an aroused tension
  state (a drive) that motivates an organism to
  satisfy the need
• Eating and drinking are examples of
  drive-reducing behaviors.

19
Drive-Reduction Theory
20
Drive-Reduction Theory
21
Drive-Reduction Theory
22
Drive-Reduction Motivation

• Homeostasis The body monitors and maintains
  relatively constant levels of internal states,
  such as body temperature, fluid levels, and
  energy supplies
• If any of these levels deviates very far from the
  optimal level, the body initiates processes
  (motivation) to bring the condition back to normal

23
Why did Shawn steal that candy bar?
24
Why does Carrie wear sweatshirts, even in the
summer?
25
Why do people do the things that they
do?(Drive-Reduction Theory)

• Why did Shawn steal that candy bar? To satisfy
  his hunger and to maintain homeostasis. His body
  told him that he needed it.
• Carrie always wears long sleeve shirts, even in
  the summer. She must have an internal thermostat
  that drops very easily, and in order to maintain
  a certain internal body temperature, she always
  has to wear an extra layer of clothing.

26
Homeostasis

• A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
  internal state
• The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry,
  such as blood glucose, around a particular level
• Any change in levels, up or down, results in
  being motivated to bring the level back to normal.

27
Homeostatic Regulation
28
Homeostatic Regulation
29
Homeostatic Regulation
30
Homeostatic Regulation
31
Homeostatic Regulation
32
Homeostatic Regulation
33
Homeostatic Regulation
34
Homeostatic Regulation
35
Homeostatic Regulation
36

• Drive theories inadequate due to the fact many
  people strive to increase tension and
  physiological arousal
• I.e. running a marathon

37
Cognitive Explanations Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Motivation

• Module 11 Motivation

38
Intrinsic Motivation

• A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
  and to be effective

39
Extrinsic Motivation

• A desire to perform a behavior because of
  promised rewards or threats of punishment

40
Motivation

• Incentive Theory Extrinsic Motivation
• Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of
  external rewards (reinforcement principal)

41
Why did Kevin kill Bill?
42
Why does Janet swim everyday, for many hours?
43
Why does Steve do nothing but homework?
44
Why do people do the things that they
do?(Incentive Theory)

• Kevin committed murder because he was paid to do
  so.
• Jane swims everyday, before and after school, on
  weekends, etc. so that she can win an Olympic
  Gold medal.
• Steve is considered a geek because he does all of
  his homework so that he can get all As. If he
  does, he can have a television in his bedroom.

45
Intrinsic Motivation

• Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by
  internal factors, as opposed to the external
  drivers of extrinsic motivation.

• Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just
  for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a
  good or right thing to do.

46

• Why did Cassie become a nun?

47

• Why does Greg work at the homeless shelter on
  weekends, instead of playing baseball?

48

• Why does Karen spend so many hours working on her
  perfecting her swing?

49

• Why did Jessica serve on jury duty, even though
  she missed several days of work and an exam?

50
Why do people do the things that they
do?(Intrinsic Motivation)

• Cassie became a nun because she felt that it was
  morally the right thing to do.
• Greg works at the homeless shelter because it
  makes him feel good to help other people in need.
• Karen practices her swing because she enjoys
  softball, and so that she can become a better
  softball player.
• Jessica was a jurier in the murder trial because
  putting away criminals is the right thing to do.

51
Motivation

• Humanistic Theory
• Internal motivation factors
• People are motivated to satisfy a progression of
  internal needs, beginning with the most basic and
  moving towards the realization of personal
  potential

52
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

• Humanistic psychologist who developed the
  hierarchy of needs

53
Humanistic Motivation

• Once the needs at a particular level are
  satisfied, an individual is motivated to satisfy
  the needs at the next level, and then steadily
  move upwards
• The ultimate goal is self-actualization, or the
  realization of a persons potential,
  self-fulfillment, or the full use of ones
  talents and capacities

54
Hierarchy of Needs

• Remember - Higher-level needs wont become active
  until lower-level needs have been satisfied.

55
Humanistic Motivation

• Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

56
(No Transcript)
57
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs Food Water Warmth Rest
58
Humanistic Motivation

• Physiological Needs
• the need to breathe
• the need to drink and eat
• the need to dispose of bodily waste material
• the need for sleep
• the need to regulate the bodily temperature
• the need to seek shelter
• the need to reproduce

59
Humanistic MotivationPhysiological Needs

• Physiological needs are the very basic needs such
  as air, water, food, sleep, etc. When these are
  not satisfied we may feel sickness, irritation,
  pain, discomfort, etc.
• These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as
  soon as possible to establish homeostasis. Once
  they are alleviated, we may then think about
  other things.

60

• When the physiological needs are met, the need
  for safety will emerge.

61
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Safety Needs Security Safety
62
Humanistic Motivation

• Safety Needs
• Security of employment
• Security of revenues and resources
• Physical Security - violence, delinquency,
  aggressions
• Moral and physiological security
• Familial security
• Security of health

63
Humanistic Motivation Safety Needs

• Safety needs have to do with establishing
  stability and consistency in a chaotic world.
• IE. We need the security of a home and family.
  If a family is dysfunctional, a child cannot move
  to the next level because they are constantly
  concerned for their safety. Love and
  belongingness (Step 3) have to wait until they
  are no longer cringing in fear.

64

• Many in our society cry out for law and order
  because they do not feel safe enough to go for a
  walk in their neighborhood.
• Many people, particularly those in the inner
  cities, unfortunately, are stuck at this level.

65

• In addition, safety needs sometimes motivate
  people to be religious.
• Religions comfort us with the promise of a safe
  secure place after we die and leave the
  insecurity of this world.

66

• After physiological and safety needs are
  fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are
  based on the needs for belongingness and love.

67
(No Transcript)
68
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Belongingness and Love Needs Intimate
Relationships Friends
69
Humanistic Motivation

• Belongingness and Love Needs
• emotionally-based relationships
• friendship, sexual relationship, or having a
  family.

70

• Humans have a desire to belong to groups clubs,
  work groups, religious groups, family, gangs,
  etc.
• We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to
  be accepted by others.
• We need to be needed.

71
Humanistic Motivation Belongingness and Love
Needs

• People have a constant desire to feel needed.
• In the absence of these elements, people become
  increasingly susceptible to loneliness, social
  anxiety, and depression.

72

• Once the needs of Stages 1 thru 3 have been met,
  humans can concentrate on fulfilling esteem needs.

73
Esteem Needs Prestige, Feelings of
Accomplishment, Self-Worth
74

• There are 2 types of esteem needs.
• First is self-esteem which results from
  competence or mastery of a task. Respecting
  yourself!

• Second, there's the attention and recognition
  that comes from others.

75

• Imbalances at this level can result in a low
  self-esteem and inferiority complexes
• on the other hand in an inflated sense of self
  and snobbishness.

76

• Only if the needs of Stages 1 thru 4 have been
  met can a person move on the Stage 5. Most
  people spend the majority of their lives striving
  to achieve and maintain the goals set forth in
  Stages 1 thru 4, and may never reach Stage 5,
• self-actualization.

77
Self-Actualization Achieving ones full potential
78
Self-Actualization

• At the top of Maslows pyramid
• According to Maslow, the need to live up to ones
  fullest and unique potential

79
Humanistic Motivation

• Self-Actualization
• Self-actualization is the instinctual need of a
  human to make the most of their unique abilities.
  Maslow described it as follows
• Self Actualization is the intrinsic growth of
  what is already in the organism, or more
  accurately, of what the organism is.

80

• The need for self-actualization is "the desire to
  become more and more what one is, to become
  everything that one is capable of becoming."
• - Maslow

81
Self Actualization

• A musician must make music, the artist must
  paint, a poet must write, if he is to be
  ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can
  be, he must be. This need we may call
  self-actualisation.

82

• Which students usually take up environmental
  causes, join the Peace Corps, do missionary work,
  etc.?
• Those whose other needs have been satisfied!
  (upper middle class maybe)

83
Humanistic Motivation

• Characteristics of Self-Actualized People
• They embrace the facts and realities of the world
  (including themselves) rather than denying or
  avoiding them.
• They are spontaneous and creative in their ideas
  and actions.
• They are interested in solving problems this
  often includes the problems of others. Solving
  these problems is often a key focus in their
  lives.
• They feel a closeness to other people, and
  generally appreciate life.
• They have a system of morality that is fully
  internalized and independent of external
  authority.
• They judge others without prejudice, in a way
  that can be termed objective.

84
Specific Motivations

• Hunger
• Sex
• Achievement

85
Hunger

• What physiological factors cause us to feel
  hungry?
• What psychological factors cause us to feel
  hungry?

86
Hunger Physiological Factors

• Glucose/Blood-Sugar Levels
• Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in
  the blood and provides the major source of energy
  for body tissues.
• Low blood-sugar levels triggers hunger. Low
  level messages are sent to the hypothalamus.
• Orexin
• Orexin is the hunger-triggering hormone secreted
  by the hypothalamus.

87
Hunger Physiological Factors

• Leptin
• Leptin is a protein secreted by fat cells. When
  it is abundant, it causes the brain to increase
  metabolism and the bodys activity levels, and
  decreases hunger. When there is too little
  leptin, it causes the brain to decrease
  metabolism, lower activity levels, and increases
  hunger.

88
Hunger Physiological Factors

• Ghrelin
• Gherlin is the hormone secreted by an empty
  stomach. It sends an Im hungry signal to the
  brain.
• PYY
• PYY is a digestive tract hormone that sends an
  Im not hungry signal to the brain.

89
Hunger Physiological Factors

• Lateral Hypothalamus part of the brain
  responsible for hunger
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus part of the brain
  responsible for stopping eating
• Set-Point Theory the hypothalamus decides what
  signal to send based on a genetic metabolic rate
  (how quickly the body uses energy)

90
Hunger Psychological Factors

• Our eating habits (when we eat, what we eat, how
  much we eat, etc.) is not only controlled by
  internal signals of hunger or fullness, but also
  by external factors related to taste preferences,
  culture, media influences, convenience, moods,
  religion, etc.

91
Hunger Psychological Factors

• Some people have a preferences for hot and spicy
  foods, while others enjoy sweets or salty foods.
• In some cultures or time periods heaviness
  indicated wealth, so eating was/is encouraged.
• Eastern cultures often enjoy dog, rat, and horse
  meat. In some Middle Eastern cultures the eye of
  a camel is considered a delicacy.
• Hindus avoid eating beef because Hindus believe
  that all living things contain a part of the
  divine spirit.

92
Hunger Psychological Factors

• When you are happy you may eat certain foods, but
  when you are sad you may indulge in other foods.
• If there is an abundance or lack of grocery
  stores, fast-food drive-thru, and restaurant,
  eating habits may differ.
• Media images influence eating behaviors as well.
  If the Hollywood standard is thin, if models are
  heroin chic, then eating habits may change,
  especially with regards to young women.

93
Hunger Psychological Factors

• The Garcia Effect Simply thinking about a
  certain food and its pairing with an unpleasant
  episode will curb your desire for that food
• IE. At the movies, your friend vomits popcorn
  all over the seat and your shoes. Popcorn no
  longer has an appeal to you.
• Similar to a taste aversion but it does not
  follow the rules of classical conditioning

94
Hunger Psychological Factors

• Eating Disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa an eating disorder in which a
  normal-weight person diets and becomes
  significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat,
  continues to starve
• Bulimia Nervosa an eating disorder
  characterized by episodes of overeating, followed
  by vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise

95
(No Transcript)
96
(No Transcript)
97
(No Transcript)
98
Eating Disorders
99
Weight Loss Trends

• In 2003
• 65 of U.S. citizens indicated they tried some
  form of weight loss or weight control
• 49 attempted to lose at least five pounds
• 16 attempted to maintain their weight
• Only 20 however, were "very" or "extremely"
  successful

100

• Research suggests that about one percent (1) of
  female adolescents have anorexia. That means that
  about one out of every one hundred young women
  between ten and twenty are starving themselves,
  sometimes to death.
• Research suggests that about four percent (4),
  or four out of one hundred, college-aged women
  have bulimia. About 50 of people who have been
  anorexic develop bulimia or bulimic patterns.
  Because people with bulimia are secretive, it is
  difficult to know how many older people are
  affected.
• Only about 10 of people with anorexia and
  bulimia are male.

101

• Without treatment, up to twenty percent (20) of
  people with serious eating disorders die. With
  treatment, that number falls to two to three
  percent (2-3).
• With treatment, about sixty percent (60) of
  people with eating disorders recover. In spite of
  treatment, about twenty percent (20) of people
  with eating disorders make only partial
  recoveries. The remaining twenty percent (20) do
  not improve, even with treatment.

102

• Average woman
• 54 145 lbs. Size 11-14
  36/37-29/31-40/42
• Barbie
• 6 101 lbs. Size 4 39-19-33
• Store Mannequin
• 6 N/A Size 6 34-23-34

103
Overweight
104

• Studies suggest that about sixty percent of adult
  Americans, both male and female, are overweight.
  About one third (34) are obese, meaning that
  they are 20 or more above normal, healthy
  weight. Many of these people have binge eating
  disorder.
• In addition, about 31 percent of American teenage
  girls and 28 percent of boys are somewhat
  overweight. An additional 15 percent of American
  teen girls and nearly 14 percent of teen boys are
  obese. (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent
  Medicine, January 2004) Causes include fast food,
  snacks with high sugar and fat content, little
  physical activity including use of automobiles,
  increased time spent in front of TV sets and
  computers, and a generally more sedentary
  lifestyles than slimmer peers.

105
Overweight

• Who to Blame?
• Genetics
• Population Trends
• Lifestyle
• High-Carb Diets
• Decline in Smoking
• Less Demanding Workplace
• Television
• Social Class

106
(No Transcript)
107
Achievement

• Achievement Motivation refers to a desire for
  significant accomplishment for mastery of
  things, people, or ideas for attaining a high
  standard

108
Achievement Motivation

• A desire for significant accomplishment
• A desire for the mastery of things, people, or
  ideas
• A desire for attaining a high standard

109
Achievement

• Industrial-Organizational Psychology is the
  application of psychological concepts and methods
  to optimizing human behavior in the workplace
• Personnel Psychology focuses on recruitment,
  selection, placement, training, appraisal, and
  development of workers
• Organizational Psychology focuses on how work
  environments and management styles influence
  worker motivation , satisfaction, and
  productivity

110
Achievement

• When applying achievement motivation to a
  workforce, managers generally chose one of the
  following
• Theory X workers will only work with benefits
  or threatened with punishment
• Theory Y workers have internal motivation to do
  good work and only need encouragement

111
Achievement

• Characteristics and Factors related to ones
  need to achieve
• Job Satisfaction
• Employee Engagement
• Harness Your Strengths
• Set Goals
• Choosing An Appropriate Leadership Style

112
Achievement

• Characteristics and Factors related to ones
  need to achieve
• A persistence and eagerness for realistic
  challenges
• Ambition
• Energetic
• Self-disciplined
• Preparation
• Practice

113
Achievement

• Characteristics and Factors related to ones
  need to achieve
• Disciplined Motivation
• Continuously Productive
• Positive Mood
• Leadership
• Organization and Goal Focus
• Mediating Conflict

114
Developing Self Motivation

• Associate your high achievement with positive
  emotions
• Connect your achievement with your efforts
• Raise your expectations

115
Motivating Others

• Cultivate intrinsic motivation
• Attend to individual motives
• Set specific, challenging goals
• Choose an appropriate leadership style
• Task leadership
• Social leadership

116
(No Transcript)
117
(No Transcript)