Motivation and Emotion What Is Motivation? Motivation refers

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Motivation and Emotion
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What Is Motivation?

• Motivation refers to physiological or
  psychological factors that account for the
  arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior.
• The aspects of motivation are
• (a) a motivational state that prompted the
  behavior,
• (b) the goal toward which the behavior is
  directed, and
• (c) reasons for variability in the intensity of
  the behavior.

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A Model of Motivation

• Model of how motivated activities work
• Need Internal deficiency causes drive
• Drive Energized motivational state (e.g.,
  hunger, thirst activates a response)
• Goal Target of motivated behavior
• Behavior Action or series of actions designed to
  attain a goal

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Types of Motives

• Incentive Value Goals appeal beyond its ability
  to fill a need
• Primary Motive Innate (inborn) motives based on
  biological needs that must be met to survive
• Stimulus Motive Needs for stimulation and
  information appear to be innate, but not
  necessary for survival
• Secondary Motive Based on learned needs, drives,
  and goals

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Theories of Motivation

• Biological theories of motivation focus on the
  importance of biological processes in determining
  motivated behavior.
• Instincts are unlearned, species-specific
  behaviors that are more complex than reflexes and
  triggered by environmental events called
  releasing stimuli.

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Instinct

• Instincts are unlearned, species-specific
  behaviors that are more complex than reflexes and
  triggered by environmental events called
  releasing stimuli.
• Humans really dont have instincts.

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Types of Motives

• Incentive Value Goals appeal beyond its ability
  to fill a need
• Primary Motive Innate (inborn) motives based on
  biological needs that must be met to survive
• Stimulus Motive Needs for stimulation and
  information appear to be innate, but not
  necessary for survival
• Secondary Motive Based on learned needs, drives,
  and goals

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Incentive Value
Figure 10.1
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Drive Reduction Theory

• Homeostasis Body equilibrium balance
• Hypothalamus Brain structure regulates many
  aspects of motivation and emotion, including
  hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
• Feeding System Area in the hypothalamus that,
  when stimulated, initiates eating
• Satiety System Area in the hypothalamus that
  terminates eating

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The hypothalamus
Figure 10.4
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Specific Motives

• One factor in hunger regulation is blood sugar
  (glucose) levels.
• Low blood sugar levels signal hunger and high
  blood sugar levels signal that the organism is
  full.
• In addition, levels of fat are also used by the
  body in regulating hunger.
• Set Point Proportion of body fat that is
  maintained by changes in hunger and eating point
  where weight stays the same when you make no
  effort to gain or lose weight

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The Final Word on Eating Behavior

• External Eating Cues External stimuli that tend
  to encourage hunger or elicit eating these cues
  may cause you to eat even if you are stuffed
  (like Homer Simpson, who eats whatever he sees!)
• Signs and signals linked with food
• Obesity is associated with several physical
  illnesses.
• Factors such as gender and poverty play a role in
  the prevalence of obesity among certain groups in
  the population

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Behavioral Dieting

• Weight reduction based on changing exercise and
  eating habits and not on temporary
  self-starvation
• Some keys
• Start with a complete physical
• Exercise
• Be committed to weight loss
• Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep
  a chart of daily progress
• Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned
  habits that tell you to always clean your plate
• Avoid snacks
• Learn to weaken personal eating cues
• Research suggests that eating 5 or 6 small meals
  a day aids in weight reduction.

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Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa

• Excessive eating (binging) usually followed by
  self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives
• Difficult to treat
• Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa
• Overwhelmingly affects females

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Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

• Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of
  becoming fat they think they are fat when the
  opposite is true!
• Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight
  anorectics with perfect control
• Anorectics will often be put on a weight-gain
  diet to restore weight

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Theories of Motivation

• Unlike drive-reduction theories, optimum-level
  theories propose that there is a level of arousal
  at which organisms function best.
• To reach this level, the organism may seek added
  stimulation or arousal.

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Specific Motives

• Although sex is classified as a biological
  motive, it is different from other biological
  motives in important ways.
• Sexual behavior is influenced by external
  factors, brain mechanisms, and hormones.
• Pheromones are chemicals that elicit a response
  in members of the same species
• The display of sexual behavior in lower organisms
  is closely tied to hormone levels in the blood.
• Human sexual behavior results from a complex
  interplay of genetic, hormonal, and psychological
  factors
• Sex is not necessary for the survival of the
  individual.
• Nobody ever died from lack of sex.

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Theories of Motivation

• Cognitive theories of motivation focus on the
  active processing of information.
• Cognitive-consistency theories stress the need to
  achieve a psychological state in which one's
  thoughts are consistent.

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Cognitive Dissonance

• Cognitive dissonance occurs when incompatible
  thought creates an aversive state that the
  organism is motivated to reduce.
• Incentive theories of motivation stress the goals
  toward which the organism is pulled.

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Theories of Motivation

• According to Maslow's theory, motivational needs
  are arranged hierarchically from basic
  physiological needs to self-actualization.

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Achievement Motivation

• Achievement consists of behaviors that manipulate
  the environment, rules for those behaviors, and
  standards for judging performance.
• The need to achieve can be measured by responses
  to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

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Theories of Emotion

• The James-Lange theory states that physiological
  changes precede and actually create emotions.
• The sequence of events in emotional responding
  is
• emotional stimulus
• physiological changes
• emotion.

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Theories of Emotion

• The Cannon-Bard theory stresses the role of the
  thalamus in simultaneously relaying emotional
  input to the cortex and sympathetic nervous
  system.

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Theories of Emotion

• Schachters Cognitive Theory Emotions occur
  when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted
  on the basis of experience and situational cues

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The Physiological Components

• The opponent-process theory states that an
  initial emotional reaction is followed by the
  opposite reaction in an attempt to produce
  homeostasis.
• With repeated experiences, the initial reaction
  gradually diminishes while the second reaction
  gains strength.

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Sky Jumping???

• With repeated experiences, the initial reaction
  gradually diminishes while the second reaction
  gains strength.

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Theories of Motivation

• The existence of multiple motives often results
  in conflicts.
• The most common conflicts are
• approach-approach,
• avoidance-avoidance,
• approach-avoidance,
• and multiple approach-avoidance.

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The Physiological Components

• The polygraph records physiological measurements
  thought to indicate deception.
• Physiological changes can, however, result from
  anxiety, anger, or fear.

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Brain and Emotion

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Neural system
  that connects brain with internal organs and
  glands
• Sympathetic Branch Part of ANS that activates
  body for emergency action
• Parasympathetic Branch Part of ANS that quiets
  body and conserves energy
• Parasympathetic Rebound Overreaction to intense
  emotion

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The Physiological Components

• The assumption is that when someone is lying his
  SNS is turned on.
• Failure to recognize possible causes of this
  arousal can incorrectly identify people as being
  deceptive (false positives).
• And experienced liars learn how to fake it.

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The Expressive Components

• There is strong evidence for universal
  recognition of at least six basic emotions
  anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and
  surprise.

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Facial Muscles and Emotion
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Guess the Emotion
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The Expressive Components

• There are four major categories of body language
  emblems, illustrators, regulators, and adaptors.
• The meaning of certain gestures varies with the
  culture.

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The Expressive Components

• Paralanguage involves communication through tone
  of voice, rate of speech, pauses, sighs, and
  loudness.

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The Expressive Components

• Compared with men, women report more emotional
  experiences and greater comfort with emotions.
• One possible explanation is that women's roles
  and occupations tend to require greater
  sensitivity to the emotional expressions in
  others.