Title: Rise of Dictators
1Rise of Dictators
2Great Depression
- The cost of World War One was devastating
- About 180 billion was spent on the war
- About 150 billion was spent on rebuilding
- Most countries had never had experienced this
type of massive spending ever in history
3Great Depression
- Many nations needed to look to capitalistic
nations for money to rebuild or to pay off debts - Britain which had once been the financial center
of the world was now basically broke - The United States now became the financial
center-The United States now began to loan money
to Europe
4Great Depression
- Many countries relied on loans and credit from
the United States - This was evident in loans like the Dawes Plan
5Great Depression
- Dawes Plan-1923
- The Dawes Plan was used to help Germany get out
of its inflationary state in 1923 - The United States gives Germany a 200 million
dollar loan - Germany is also given a realistic time frame to
the debts - The German economy recovers
- German factories begin producing goods at the
same rate as before the war - People invest in German factories and goods
- Germany recovers
- HOWEVER-Germany still needed to pay back the 200
million in loans
6Great Depression
- Two countries that heavily relied on the credit
and loans of the United States were France and
Germany - France had a large debt due to loaning Russia
large sums of money during the war - The Bolsheviks refused to pay France the loaned
money saying that they were not responsible for
the loans
7Great Depression
- Germany
- In the Treaty of Versailles Germany had to bore
the burden of paying the reparations for the
war-especially to France - Germany looked to U.S. credit to pay its debts
(Like paying one credit card debt with another
credit card)
8Great Depression
Germany gets credit from The U.S. to pay debts To
France
France takes the payments from Germany backed by
U.S. credit
From 1924 to 1929 everything worked well U.S. and
European economies grew
France rebuilds its economy based on
German payments of U.S. credit
However everything was based on credit (we are
good for the money idea)
In 1929 everything fell apart the loans would
never be repaid
9Great Depression
- In October 1929 the U.S. stock market also based
on credit crashed - American banks stopped extending
credit-especially high risk European nations-like
France
10Great Depression
- The effect was that the U.S. and Europe ran out
of money - The U.S. and Germany were hit the hardest
- In each country 1/3 of the workforce was
unemployed - In each country the dominate political party was
rejected - U.S.-Republicans were out
- Germany-Conservative Democratic Republic were out
11Great Depression
- While the world had seen depressions and
recessions in the past what made the Great
Depression unprecedented was its duration - Most countries only recovered after a decade with
the start of World War Two production
12Great Depression
- Economic hardship lead to radical political
changes in Europe - Countries like Germany and Italy did not have a
long tradition of democratic traditions-They had
more experience with monarchies - People wanted a government to solve their
economic problems-No matter what type of
government it was!
13Reasons for Dictators
- The depression in Europe gave rise to the
dictators in Spain, Italy and Germany. - People lost hope in democracies and wanted a
strong leader to correct the problems. - Strong leaders promised solutions to the problems
in their countries.
14Mussolinis Italy
15Fascism
- A political movement that promotes
- Extremely Right-wing
- Extreme Nationalism
- Often based on racism
- Imperialism
- Dictatorial government
- Denial of individual rights
- One party system
- The main idea of Fascism is
- Destroy the will of the individual in favor of
the people
16Fascism
Blind Loyalty To the leader
State controlled economy
Strong Military
Fascism
Use of Violence and Terror
Extreme Nationalism
Use of Censorship Propaganda
17Fascism
- Fascism differs from Stalins totalitarian
government in that Stalin was seen as a extreme
left-wing - Stalin sought to destroy the traditional
institutions- i.e.-church - Stalin further sought to destroy the class system
- Mussolini and the Fascist with their extreme form
of nationalism sought to build up the class
system in Italy
18The Rise of Mussolini
- Italy after World War I
- The Treaty of Versailles gave away land that had
been promised to Italy by Britain and France. - Italys economy was slow
- Men could not find work
- Trade was slow
- Taxes were high (pay for the war)
- Workers went on strike
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20Mussolini
- In 1919 Mussolini created the National Fascist
Party - Party squads known as Blackshirts were paid to
fight with the socialist and communist - The destruction of the socialist and communist
parties lead to the support of the factory owners
and the land owners - With this support Mussolini and his party members
were elected to the Italian Parliament
21The Rise of Mussolini
- Benito Mussolini
- Mussolini took advantage of the unrest and
economic problems in Italy to force King Victor
Emmanuel III to appoint him to a key cabinet post
22The Rise of Mussolini
- Mussolini used his Blackshirts to march on Rome
and the King gave into Mussolini and appointed
him prime Minster
23The Rise of Mussolini
- By 1922 the Fascist and Mussolini were in power.
- They used violence and terror to win elections.
- Once in power Mussolini ended
- Free elections
- Free speech
- Free Press
24The Rise of Mussolini
- By 1926 Mussolini had killed off many of his
political opponents - Democracy was ended in Italy-Mussolini was now
the totalitarian dictator of Italy - Italy now turned to a policy of expansion
25Class Question
- In some countries Fascism was regarded as a
possible alternative to democratic and
parliamentary government - Why
26Hitlers Germany
27Class Question
- Without the Great Depression there is no Hitler
- Yes or no-Why or why not
28The Rise of Hitler
- Germany after World War I
- The Kaiser stepped down
- A democratic government called the Weimar
Republic took over - Leader of this government was Paul Hindenburg
- The Weimar Rep. was weak
- Inflation caused a major economic problem
- People were poor
29Wiemar Republic
- Wiemar Republic
- As soldiers returned home from World War One many
were upset over the harsh conditions of the
Treaty of Versailles - Workers and soldiers began to form councils in
cities like Berlin to discuss the current state
of Germany - Out of these councils grew political groups
30Wiemar Republic
- Germany was also experiencing an economic crisis
- 33 billion dollars in war reparations
- The collapse of the once prosperous German
economy - Many looked to a strong conservative democratic
republic-The Wiemar Republic
31Wiemar Republic
- The Wiemar Republic
- Paul von Hindenberg a German war hero became
president of the government - However Hindenberg was not a good choice for a
leader-He was not in favor of the republic
32Wiemar Republic
- The new republic faced a serious economic
problems - The Wiemar Republic to meet the economic problems
began printing money causing severe inflation - There was a time of prosperity in Germany from
about 1925-1929 when there was an easing of the
debt payments and Germany was able to borrow
money from the U.S. to repay debts-This was to be
short lived - Finally the Wiemar Republic was seen as the
government that had signed the Treaty of
Versailles
33Germany and The Great Depression
- The loss of World War One after coming close to
winning - The inflation of 1923 which had wiped out the
savings of most middle class German families - Finally the Great Depression of 1929 caused more
misery and unemployment than in any other country
in the world - Some in Germany had enough with democracy
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35The Rise of Hitler
- Germany needed a leader who could fix the
economic problems and restore pride in Germany. - Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party promised to fix
Germany.
36The Rise of Hitler
- In 1921 Hitler becomes head of the German Workers
Party (GWP) - The GWP later becomes the National Socialist
German Workers (Nazi) - In 1933 Hitler was named Chancellor of Germany.
- By 1934 Hitler was dictator of Germany
37German Workers PartyStart of the Nazi Party
- In 1919, Anton Drexler, Gottfried Feder and
Dietrich Eckart formed the German Worker's Party
(GPW) in Munich. - The German Workers Party was upset over Germany
being blamed for World War One. - The party also blamed the Wiemar Government and
the Jews for Germany accepting defeat. - The party also focused on creating a pure blood
Germany free of all non Germans like the Jews and
the Poles.
38NSDAP/Nazi Party
- In April, 1920, Hitler pushes for a name change
of the party. - They call themselves the National Socialist
German Workers Party (NSDAP). NAZI - While Hitler hated socialist ideas, socialism
was a popular political philosophy in Germany
after the First World War and appealed to many
people. - By 1921 Hitler pushes for and gets control of the
party
39Party Ideals
- In February 1920, the NSDAP published its first
program which became known as the Twenty-Five
Points. - In the program the party refused to accept the
terms of the Versailles Treaty and called for the
reunification of all German people. - To reinforce their ideas on nationalism, equal
rights were only to be given to German citizens. - Foreigners and aliens would be denied these
rights.
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41Beginning of the Nazi Party
42NSDAP/Nazi Party
- He created his own personal army of storm
troopers, the Sturmbabteilung or SA. - The group wore brown uniforms, the same color as
the victorious British army, hence the nickname
Brownshirts.
43Beer Hall Putsch
- Adolph Hitler endorsed the fall of the Weimar
Republic, and declared at a public rally on
October 30, 1923 that he was prepared to march on
Berlin to rid the government of the Communists
and the Jews. - On November 8, 1923, Hitler held a rally at a
Munich beer hall and proclaimed a revolution. - The following day, he led 2,000 armed
"brown-shirts" in an attempt to take over the
Bavarian government.
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45Beer Hall Putsch
- On November 8, Hitler led his army to a beer hall
in Bavaria where local government leaders were
holding a meeting. - The Nazis quickly captured the politicians and
Hitler put himself in charge. - The group then marched on the former Bavarian War
Ministry building when the police opened fire. - During the riot the man beside Hitler was killed
as he pulled his leader to the ground.
46Beer Hall Putsch
- The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch brought the
obscure Hitler his first national publicity. - Hitler was arrested and, after a 24-day trial,
sentenced to five years in Landsberg fortress a
country-club type prisons where white-collar
criminals were sent. - Hitler received a steady stream of visitors and
presents and was treated more like he was on a
picnic outing than serving as an inmate.
47Beer Hall Putsch
- The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch taught
Hitler valuable lessons of power. - not to get into any more battles with an enemy
that was larger and better armed. - his best chance to gain power would be through
the use of votes rather than bullets.
48Mein Kampf
- Hitler served only nine months of his five-year
term. - While in prison, he wrote the first volume of
Mein Kampf. - It was partly an autobiographical book although
filled with - glorified inaccuracies
- self-serving half-truths
- which detailed his views on the future of the
German people.
49Mein Kampf
- In Mein Kampf, Hitler laid out his views on the
centrality of Aryan purity to historical progress - The mortal danger posed by world Jewry and
international communism, - The necessity of rebuilding German power, and the
importance of expanding Germanys borders to
provide the living space, Lebensraum, the German
people require. - Hitler did not conceal his intentions they were
in black and white for anyone to read. - However very few in or outside Germany actually
read the book.
50Hitler Political Rise to Power
- Hitler was released from prison on December 20,
1924, after serving just over a year of his
sentence. The Germany of 1924 was dramatically
different from the Germany of 1923. - The economic policies of the German government
had proved successful. - Inflation had been brought under control and the
economy began to improve. - The German people gradually gained a new faith in
their democratic system and began to find the
extremist solutions proposed by people such as
Hitler unattractive.
51Rise to Power
- Using the Great Depression and the economic
problems of Germany as a platform Hitler was able
to increase control the Nazis had in parliament - In September 1930, the Nazi Party increased its
number of representatives in parliament from 14
to 107. Hitler was now the leader of the second
largest party in Germany.
521933 Elections
- Although Hitler had the support of certain
sections of the German population he never gained
an elected majority. - The best the Nazis could do in a election was
37.3 per cent of the vote they gained in July
1932. - When Hitler became chancellor in January 1933,
the Nazis only had a third of the seats in the
Reichstag. - Hitler declared that there would be new elections
held in a month
53Reichstag Fire
54Reichstag Fire
- Before the elections were held the Reichstag
building was burned down. - The Nazis claimed that the communist set fire to
the Reichstag to destroy the German government. - Marinus van der Lubbe from Holland who was a
communist was found on the property.
55Reichstag Fire
- Lubbe was found at the Reichstag after the fire.
- Lubbe was tortured and confessed to the fire.
- Lubbe was executed Jan. 10th 1934.
- It is believed today that the Nazis actually
started the fire and used Lubbe as a scapegoat.
561933 Elections
- After the fire it was agreed that Hitler should
take dictatorial power to ensure the safety of
the government. - Many communist leaders were arrested and either
executed or placed in concentration camps. - The elections were held on March 5th 1933 however
the Nazis only gained 43 of the vote.
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58Enabling Bill
- Hitler persuaded President Hindenburg to sign an
emergency decree authorizing Hitler to suspend
all civil rights and arrest and execute any
suspicious person.
59Enabling Bill
- After the elections Hitler and the Nazis needed
to find a way to take power. - Hitler used his dictatorial powers to start
eliminating members of the communist and
socialist parties. - The many communist and socialist members of the
Reichstag were either eliminated or removed from
their positions.
60Enabling Bill
- When the vote came up in the Reichstag granting
Hitler full dictatorial power few were left to
vote against the bill. - Hitler was now dictator and free to eliminate any
who opposed him.
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62Nazi Book Burning May 10th 1933
63Class Question
- Why would the Nazis want to burn books?
- What is the danger in burning/banning books?
64The Rise of Hitler
- Hitler
- Creates a new Germany called the Third Reich.
65The Rise of Hitler
- Hitler
- Turns Germany into a totalitarian state.
- Creates a one party system (Nazi Party)
- Ends civil rights
- Murders many of his political enemies.
- Uses force and terror to enforce his rule.
- Uses propaganda, art and education to promote him
and the Nazi party.
66The Rise of Hitler
- Hitler
- Puts businesses under government control.
- Starts public works programs which employs many
people. - Rebuilds the military.
- Raises the standard of living.
67The Rise of Hitler
- Hitler instituted programs against Jews to
restrict their lives in an attempt to drive them
from Germany. - Many did not care about Hitlers policies many
were just happy being employed and having a
renewed sense of military and nationalistic
pride.
68Hitler and Mussolini
- Positives
- Both Hitler and Mussolini improved the economic
conditions of their nations. - Both restored order to their countries.
- Both brought back nationalistic pride.
- Negatives
- Many lost individual rights.
- Many were driven out of the countries or
murdered.
69The Rise of Japanese Militarism
- The Japanese began a program of militarism in the
1930s - Japan wanted to restore its greatness
- Get rid of western influence
- Gain foreign lands
70The Rise of Japanese Militarism
- In 1931 Japan attacks Manchuria.
- Japan withdraws from the League of Nations.
- An increase in loyalty to the emperor.
- Japan attempts to imperialize China.
71World War Two
72World War Two
- In the 1930s Germany, Italy and Japan wanted to
build new empires. - All three became aggressive in taking over land.
- The League of Nations was weak and could not stop
this aggressive imperialism. - Western nations were trying to recover from a
depression and at first paid little attention to
Italy, Germany or Japan. - Western nations did not want war.
73After World War One
- Several attempts were made after World War One to
stop aggression and warfare in the world - League of Nations (1921)
- Washington Naval Conference (1921)
- Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
74League of Nations
- The League of Nations was an international
organization founded after the Paris Peace
Conference of 1919. - The League's goals included
- Disarmament
- preventing war through collective security
- settling disputes between countries through
negotiation - improving global welfare
75League of Nations
- The League lacked an armed force of its own and
so depended on the great powers to enforce its
resolutions and these countries they were often
very reluctant to do. - The League ultimately proved incapable of
preventing aggression by the Germany, Japan, and
Italy in the 1930s
76Washington Naval Conference
- The Washington Naval Conference was a diplomatic
conference, called by the administration of
President Harding and held in Washington D.C.
from 1921-1922 - Conducted outside the boundaries of the League of
Nations, it was attended by nine nations having
interests in the Pacific Ocean. - It was the first disarmament conference in
history
77Washington Naval Conference
- The primary objective of the conference was to
inhibit Japanese naval expansion in the west
Pacific. - Their secondary objectives were intended to
ultimately limit Japanese and British aggression
78Kellogg-Briand Pact
- An agreement, signed Aug. 27, 1928, condemning
recourse to war for the solution of
international controversies. - It is more properly known as the Pact of Paris.
- Aristide Briand, foreign minister of France
proposed to the U.S. government a treaty
outlawing war between the two countries.
79Kellogg-Briand
- The Pact of Paris was signed by 15
nationsAustralia, Belgium, Canada,
Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain,
India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New
Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the United
States. - The parties agreed that settlement of all
conflicts, no matter of what origin or nature,
should be sought only by peaceful means and that
war was to be renounced as an instrument of
national policy.
80Kellogg-Briand
- Although 62 nations ultimately ratified the pact
it failed to provide measures of enforcement. - The pact proved to be meaningless, especially
with the practice of waging undeclared wars in
the 1930s (the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in
1931, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935,
and the German occupation of Austria in 1938).
81Italy
- In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia looking for new
land. - The Ethiopians had outdated weapons and could not
stop the Italian Army. - The Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie appealed
to the League of Nations for help. - The League could do little but try to ban the
sale of weapons to Italy. Not all countries
agreed to the ban.
82Japan
- In 1931 Japan invades Manchuria. When the League
of Nations condemns the act Japan withdraws from
the League.
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84Japan
- In 1937 Japan invades mainland China.
- The Chinese army outnumbers the Japanese however
the Japanese have better weapons. - Japan overruns China and sets up a puppet
government in Nanjing. - The Japanese are so brutal to the Chinese at
Nanjing that the Japanese control over Nanjing is
called the rape of Nanjing
85Germany
- Hitler glorifies war as a way of restoring
national pride to Germany. (Militarism).
86Germany
- Hitler begins a policy of German land expansion
later known as lebensraum or living space. - Hitler rebuilds the German Army a direct
violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
87Germany
- In 1936 Hitler moves troops into the Rhineland on
the boarder of France. A direct violation of the
Treaty of Versailles.
88Germany
- In March 1938 Hitler moves troops into Austria
creating an Anschluss or union between Austria
and Germany. - A direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
- Britain and France ignore the pledge to help
Austria.
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90Germany
- In September 1938 Hitler demanded the western
part of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland
become part of Germany. - Hitler claimed that 3 million German speaking
people lived there and should be German
territory.
91Appeasement
- The Czech Government refused to give the
Sudetenland to Hitler. - The Czechs had an alliance with France and asked
France for help. - Britain and France began to prepare for war.
92Appeasement/The Munich Conference
To avoid war Mussolini sets up a meeting between
France, Britain, Italy and Germany
The Czechs are not invited
The meeting called the Munich Conference is
held Sept. 29, 1938
British Prime Minister Chamberlain tries
to preserve peace
On Sept. 30, 1938 Hitler takes over the
Sudetenland
Chamberlain gives into Hitlers demands
Hitler agrees to respect Czechoslovakia's new
boarders. War is avoid.
March 1939 German troops take over the rest
of Czechoslovakia.
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94Nazi/Soviet Nonaggression Pact
- France and Britain asked the Soviet Union to help
stop German aggression. - The democracies of France and Britain and the
Communist of the Soviet Union did not trust each
other.
95Nazi/Soviet Nonaggression Pact
- Hitler also began talks with the Soviet Union.
- On August 23, 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union
agreed not to attack each other. - Now only France and Britain could stop Hitler.
- Hitler was also clear to invade Poland.
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97The Invasion of Poland
- In April 1939 Hitler demanded the upper western
part of Poland be returned to Germany. - France and Britain refused.
- On Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland and
started World War Two.
98Axis Powers
- Germany, Italy and Japan formed the Axis Powers.