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Rise of Dictators

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Title: Rise of Dictators


1
Rise of Dictators
  • Hitler
  • Mussolini
  • Japan

2
Great Depression
  • The cost of World War One was devastating
  • About 180 billion was spent on the war
  • About 150 billion was spent on rebuilding
  • Most countries had never had experienced this
    type of massive spending ever in history

3
Great Depression
  • Many nations needed to look to capitalistic
    nations for money to rebuild or to pay off debts
  • Britain which had once been the financial center
    of the world was now basically broke
  • The United States now became the financial
    center-The United States now began to loan money
    to Europe

4
Great Depression
  • Many countries relied on loans and credit from
    the United States
  • This was evident in loans like the Dawes Plan

5
Great Depression
  • Dawes Plan-1923
  • The Dawes Plan was used to help Germany get out
    of its inflationary state in 1923
  • The United States gives Germany a 200 million
    dollar loan
  • Germany is also given a realistic time frame to
    the debts
  • The German economy recovers
  • German factories begin producing goods at the
    same rate as before the war
  • People invest in German factories and goods
  • Germany recovers
  • HOWEVER-Germany still needed to pay back the 200
    million in loans

6
Great Depression
  • Two countries that heavily relied on the credit
    and loans of the United States were France and
    Germany
  • France had a large debt due to loaning Russia
    large sums of money during the war
  • The Bolsheviks refused to pay France the loaned
    money saying that they were not responsible for
    the loans

7
Great Depression
  • Germany
  • In the Treaty of Versailles Germany had to bore
    the burden of paying the reparations for the
    war-especially to France
  • Germany looked to U.S. credit to pay its debts
    (Like paying one credit card debt with another
    credit card)

8
Great Depression
Germany gets credit from The U.S. to pay debts To
France
France takes the payments from Germany backed by
U.S. credit
From 1924 to 1929 everything worked well U.S. and
European economies grew
France rebuilds its economy based on
German payments of U.S. credit
However everything was based on credit (we are
good for the money idea)
In 1929 everything fell apart the loans would
never be repaid
9
Great Depression
  • In October 1929 the U.S. stock market also based
    on credit crashed
  • American banks stopped extending
    credit-especially high risk European nations-like
    France

10
Great Depression
  • The effect was that the U.S. and Europe ran out
    of money
  • The U.S. and Germany were hit the hardest
  • In each country 1/3 of the workforce was
    unemployed
  • In each country the dominate political party was
    rejected
  • U.S.-Republicans were out
  • Germany-Conservative Democratic Republic were out

11
Great Depression
  • While the world had seen depressions and
    recessions in the past what made the Great
    Depression unprecedented was its duration
  • Most countries only recovered after a decade with
    the start of World War Two production

12
Great Depression
  • Economic hardship lead to radical political
    changes in Europe
  • Countries like Germany and Italy did not have a
    long tradition of democratic traditions-They had
    more experience with monarchies
  • People wanted a government to solve their
    economic problems-No matter what type of
    government it was!

13
Reasons for Dictators
  • The depression in Europe gave rise to the
    dictators in Spain, Italy and Germany.
  • People lost hope in democracies and wanted a
    strong leader to correct the problems.
  • Strong leaders promised solutions to the problems
    in their countries.

14
Mussolinis Italy
15
Fascism
  • A political movement that promotes
  • Extremely Right-wing
  • Extreme Nationalism
  • Often based on racism
  • Imperialism
  • Dictatorial government
  • Denial of individual rights
  • One party system
  • The main idea of Fascism is
  • Destroy the will of the individual in favor of
    the people

16
Fascism
Blind Loyalty To the leader
State controlled economy
Strong Military
Fascism
Use of Violence and Terror
Extreme Nationalism
Use of Censorship Propaganda
17
Fascism
  • Fascism differs from Stalins totalitarian
    government in that Stalin was seen as a extreme
    left-wing
  • Stalin sought to destroy the traditional
    institutions- i.e.-church
  • Stalin further sought to destroy the class system
  • Mussolini and the Fascist with their extreme form
    of nationalism sought to build up the class
    system in Italy

18
The Rise of Mussolini
  • Italy after World War I
  • The Treaty of Versailles gave away land that had
    been promised to Italy by Britain and France.
  • Italys economy was slow
  • Men could not find work
  • Trade was slow
  • Taxes were high (pay for the war)
  • Workers went on strike

19
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20
Mussolini
  • In 1919 Mussolini created the National Fascist
    Party
  • Party squads known as Blackshirts were paid to
    fight with the socialist and communist
  • The destruction of the socialist and communist
    parties lead to the support of the factory owners
    and the land owners
  • With this support Mussolini and his party members
    were elected to the Italian Parliament

21
The Rise of Mussolini
  • Benito Mussolini
  • Mussolini took advantage of the unrest and
    economic problems in Italy to force King Victor
    Emmanuel III to appoint him to a key cabinet post

22
The Rise of Mussolini
  • Mussolini used his Blackshirts to march on Rome
    and the King gave into Mussolini and appointed
    him prime Minster

23
The Rise of Mussolini
  • By 1922 the Fascist and Mussolini were in power.
  • They used violence and terror to win elections.
  • Once in power Mussolini ended
  • Free elections
  • Free speech
  • Free Press

24
The Rise of Mussolini
  • By 1926 Mussolini had killed off many of his
    political opponents
  • Democracy was ended in Italy-Mussolini was now
    the totalitarian dictator of Italy
  • Italy now turned to a policy of expansion

25
Class Question
  • In some countries Fascism was regarded as a
    possible alternative to democratic and
    parliamentary government
  • Why

26
Hitlers Germany
27
Class Question
  • Without the Great Depression there is no Hitler
  • Yes or no-Why or why not

28
The Rise of Hitler
  • Germany after World War I
  • The Kaiser stepped down
  • A democratic government called the Weimar
    Republic took over
  • Leader of this government was Paul Hindenburg
  • The Weimar Rep. was weak
  • Inflation caused a major economic problem
  • People were poor

29
Wiemar Republic
  • Wiemar Republic
  • As soldiers returned home from World War One many
    were upset over the harsh conditions of the
    Treaty of Versailles
  • Workers and soldiers began to form councils in
    cities like Berlin to discuss the current state
    of Germany
  • Out of these councils grew political groups

30
Wiemar Republic
  • Germany was also experiencing an economic crisis
  • 33 billion dollars in war reparations
  • The collapse of the once prosperous German
    economy
  • Many looked to a strong conservative democratic
    republic-The Wiemar Republic

31
Wiemar Republic
  • The Wiemar Republic
  • Paul von Hindenberg a German war hero became
    president of the government
  • However Hindenberg was not a good choice for a
    leader-He was not in favor of the republic

32
Wiemar Republic
  • The new republic faced a serious economic
    problems
  • The Wiemar Republic to meet the economic problems
    began printing money causing severe inflation
  • There was a time of prosperity in Germany from
    about 1925-1929 when there was an easing of the
    debt payments and Germany was able to borrow
    money from the U.S. to repay debts-This was to be
    short lived
  • Finally the Wiemar Republic was seen as the
    government that had signed the Treaty of
    Versailles

33
Germany and The Great Depression
  • The loss of World War One after coming close to
    winning
  • The inflation of 1923 which had wiped out the
    savings of most middle class German families
  • Finally the Great Depression of 1929 caused more
    misery and unemployment than in any other country
    in the world
  • Some in Germany had enough with democracy

34
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35
The Rise of Hitler
  • Germany needed a leader who could fix the
    economic problems and restore pride in Germany.
  • Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party promised to fix
    Germany.

36
The Rise of Hitler
  • In 1921 Hitler becomes head of the German Workers
    Party (GWP)
  • The GWP later becomes the National Socialist
    German Workers (Nazi)
  • In 1933 Hitler was named Chancellor of Germany.
  • By 1934 Hitler was dictator of Germany

37
German Workers PartyStart of the Nazi Party
  • In 1919, Anton Drexler, Gottfried Feder and
    Dietrich Eckart formed the German Worker's Party
    (GPW) in Munich.
  • The German Workers Party was upset over Germany
    being blamed for World War One.
  • The party also blamed the Wiemar Government and
    the Jews for Germany accepting defeat.
  • The party also focused on creating a pure blood
    Germany free of all non Germans like the Jews and
    the Poles.

38
NSDAP/Nazi Party
  • In April, 1920, Hitler pushes for a name change
    of the party.
  • They call themselves the National Socialist
    German Workers Party (NSDAP). NAZI
  • While Hitler hated socialist ideas, socialism
    was a popular political philosophy in Germany
    after the First World War and appealed to many
    people.
  • By 1921 Hitler pushes for and gets control of the
    party

39
Party Ideals
  • In February 1920, the NSDAP published its first
    program which became known as the Twenty-Five
    Points.
  • In the program the party refused to accept the
    terms of the Versailles Treaty and called for the
    reunification of all German people.
  • To reinforce their ideas on nationalism, equal
    rights were only to be given to German citizens.
  • Foreigners and aliens would be denied these
    rights.

40
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41
Beginning of the Nazi Party
42
NSDAP/Nazi Party
  • He created his own personal army of storm
    troopers, the Sturmbabteilung or SA.
  • The group wore brown uniforms, the same color as
    the victorious British army, hence the nickname
    Brownshirts.

43
Beer Hall Putsch
  • Adolph Hitler endorsed the fall of the Weimar
    Republic, and declared at a public rally on
    October 30, 1923 that he was prepared to march on
    Berlin to rid the government of the Communists
    and the Jews.
  • On November 8, 1923, Hitler held a rally at a
    Munich beer hall and proclaimed a revolution.
  • The following day, he led 2,000 armed
    "brown-shirts" in an attempt to take over the
    Bavarian government.

44
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45
Beer Hall Putsch
  • On November 8, Hitler led his army to a beer hall
    in Bavaria where local government leaders were
    holding a meeting.
  • The Nazis quickly captured the politicians and
    Hitler put himself in charge.
  • The group then marched on the former Bavarian War
    Ministry building when the police opened fire.
  • During the riot the man beside Hitler was killed
    as he pulled his leader to the ground.

46
Beer Hall Putsch
  • The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch brought the
    obscure Hitler his first national publicity.
  • Hitler was arrested and, after a 24-day trial,
    sentenced to five years in Landsberg fortress a
    country-club type prisons where white-collar
    criminals were sent.
  • Hitler received a steady stream of visitors and
    presents and was treated more like he was on a
    picnic outing than serving as an inmate.

47
Beer Hall Putsch
  • The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch taught
    Hitler valuable lessons of power.
  • not to get into any more battles with an enemy
    that was larger and better armed.
  • his best chance to gain power would be through
    the use of votes rather than bullets.

48
Mein Kampf
  • Hitler served only nine months of his five-year
    term.
  • While in prison, he wrote the first volume of
    Mein Kampf.
  • It was partly an autobiographical book although
    filled with
  • glorified inaccuracies
  • self-serving half-truths
  • which detailed his views on the future of the
    German people.

49
Mein Kampf
  • In Mein Kampf, Hitler laid out his views on the
    centrality of Aryan purity to historical progress
  • The mortal danger posed by world Jewry and
    international communism,
  • The necessity of rebuilding German power, and the
    importance of expanding Germanys borders to
    provide the living space, Lebensraum, the German
    people require.
  • Hitler did not conceal his intentions they were
    in black and white for anyone to read.
  • However very few in or outside Germany actually
    read the book.

50
Hitler Political Rise to Power
  • Hitler was released from prison on December 20,
    1924, after serving just over a year of his
    sentence. The Germany of 1924 was dramatically
    different from the Germany of 1923.
  • The economic policies of the German government
    had proved successful.
  • Inflation had been brought under control and the
    economy began to improve.
  • The German people gradually gained a new faith in
    their democratic system and began to find the
    extremist solutions proposed by people such as
    Hitler unattractive.

51
Rise to Power
  • Using the Great Depression and the economic
    problems of Germany as a platform Hitler was able
    to increase control the Nazis had in parliament
  • In September 1930, the Nazi Party increased its
    number of representatives in parliament from 14
    to 107. Hitler was now the leader of the second
    largest party in Germany.

52
1933 Elections
  • Although Hitler had the support of certain
    sections of the German population he never gained
    an elected majority.
  • The best the Nazis could do in a election was
    37.3 per cent of the vote they gained in July
    1932.
  • When Hitler became chancellor in January 1933,
    the Nazis only had a third of the seats in the
    Reichstag.
  • Hitler declared that there would be new elections
    held in a month

53
Reichstag Fire
54
Reichstag Fire
  • Before the elections were held the Reichstag
    building was burned down.
  • The Nazis claimed that the communist set fire to
    the Reichstag to destroy the German government.
  • Marinus van der Lubbe from Holland who was a
    communist was found on the property.

55
Reichstag Fire
  • Lubbe was found at the Reichstag after the fire.
  • Lubbe was tortured and confessed to the fire.
  • Lubbe was executed Jan. 10th 1934.
  • It is believed today that the Nazis actually
    started the fire and used Lubbe as a scapegoat.

56
1933 Elections
  • After the fire it was agreed that Hitler should
    take dictatorial power to ensure the safety of
    the government.
  • Many communist leaders were arrested and either
    executed or placed in concentration camps.
  • The elections were held on March 5th 1933 however
    the Nazis only gained 43 of the vote.

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58
Enabling Bill
  • Hitler persuaded President Hindenburg to sign an
    emergency decree authorizing Hitler to suspend
    all civil rights and arrest and execute any
    suspicious person.

59
Enabling Bill
  • After the elections Hitler and the Nazis needed
    to find a way to take power.
  • Hitler used his dictatorial powers to start
    eliminating members of the communist and
    socialist parties.
  • The many communist and socialist members of the
    Reichstag were either eliminated or removed from
    their positions.

60
Enabling Bill
  • When the vote came up in the Reichstag granting
    Hitler full dictatorial power few were left to
    vote against the bill.
  • Hitler was now dictator and free to eliminate any
    who opposed him.

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62
Nazi Book Burning May 10th 1933
63
Class Question
  • Why would the Nazis want to burn books?
  • What is the danger in burning/banning books?

64
The Rise of Hitler
  • Hitler
  • Creates a new Germany called the Third Reich.

65
The Rise of Hitler
  • Hitler
  • Turns Germany into a totalitarian state.
  • Creates a one party system (Nazi Party)
  • Ends civil rights
  • Murders many of his political enemies.
  • Uses force and terror to enforce his rule.
  • Uses propaganda, art and education to promote him
    and the Nazi party.

66
The Rise of Hitler
  • Hitler
  • Puts businesses under government control.
  • Starts public works programs which employs many
    people.
  • Rebuilds the military.
  • Raises the standard of living.

67
The Rise of Hitler
  • Hitler instituted programs against Jews to
    restrict their lives in an attempt to drive them
    from Germany.
  • Many did not care about Hitlers policies many
    were just happy being employed and having a
    renewed sense of military and nationalistic
    pride.

68
Hitler and Mussolini
  • Positives
  • Both Hitler and Mussolini improved the economic
    conditions of their nations.
  • Both restored order to their countries.
  • Both brought back nationalistic pride.
  • Negatives
  • Many lost individual rights.
  • Many were driven out of the countries or
    murdered.

69
The Rise of Japanese Militarism
  • The Japanese began a program of militarism in the
    1930s
  • Japan wanted to restore its greatness
  • Get rid of western influence
  • Gain foreign lands

70
The Rise of Japanese Militarism
  • In 1931 Japan attacks Manchuria.
  • Japan withdraws from the League of Nations.
  • An increase in loyalty to the emperor.
  • Japan attempts to imperialize China.

71
World War Two
  • The Causes

72
World War Two
  • In the 1930s Germany, Italy and Japan wanted to
    build new empires.
  • All three became aggressive in taking over land.
  • The League of Nations was weak and could not stop
    this aggressive imperialism.
  • Western nations were trying to recover from a
    depression and at first paid little attention to
    Italy, Germany or Japan.
  • Western nations did not want war.

73
After World War One
  • Several attempts were made after World War One to
    stop aggression and warfare in the world
  • League of Nations (1921)
  • Washington Naval Conference (1921)
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

74
League of Nations
  • The League of Nations was an international
    organization founded after the Paris Peace
    Conference of 1919.
  • The League's goals included
  • Disarmament
  • preventing war through collective security
  • settling disputes between countries through
    negotiation
  • improving global welfare

75
League of Nations
  • The League lacked an armed force of its own and
    so depended on the great powers to enforce its
    resolutions and these countries they were often
    very reluctant to do.
  • The League ultimately proved incapable of
    preventing aggression by the Germany, Japan, and
    Italy in the 1930s

76
Washington Naval Conference
  • The Washington Naval Conference was a diplomatic
    conference, called by the administration of
    President Harding and held in Washington D.C.
    from 1921-1922
  • Conducted outside the boundaries of the League of
    Nations, it was attended by nine nations having
    interests in the Pacific Ocean.
  • It was the first disarmament conference in
    history

77
Washington Naval Conference
  • The primary objective of the conference was to
    inhibit Japanese naval expansion in the west
    Pacific.
  • Their secondary objectives were intended to
    ultimately limit Japanese and British aggression

78
Kellogg-Briand Pact
  • An agreement, signed Aug. 27, 1928, condemning
    recourse to war for the solution of
    international controversies.
  • It is more properly known as the Pact of Paris.
  • Aristide Briand, foreign minister of France
    proposed to the U.S. government a treaty
    outlawing war between the two countries.

79
Kellogg-Briand
  • The Pact of Paris was signed by 15
    nationsAustralia, Belgium, Canada,
    Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain,
    India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New
    Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the United
    States.
  • The parties agreed that settlement of all
    conflicts, no matter of what origin or nature,
    should be sought only by peaceful means and that
    war was to be renounced as an instrument of
    national policy.

80
Kellogg-Briand
  • Although 62 nations ultimately ratified the pact
    it failed to provide measures of enforcement.
  • The pact proved to be meaningless, especially
    with the practice of waging undeclared wars in
    the 1930s (the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in
    1931, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935,
    and the German occupation of Austria in 1938).

81
Italy
  • In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia looking for new
    land.
  • The Ethiopians had outdated weapons and could not
    stop the Italian Army.
  • The Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie appealed
    to the League of Nations for help.
  • The League could do little but try to ban the
    sale of weapons to Italy. Not all countries
    agreed to the ban.

82
Japan
  • In 1931 Japan invades Manchuria. When the League
    of Nations condemns the act Japan withdraws from
    the League.

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84
Japan
  • In 1937 Japan invades mainland China.
  • The Chinese army outnumbers the Japanese however
    the Japanese have better weapons.
  • Japan overruns China and sets up a puppet
    government in Nanjing.
  • The Japanese are so brutal to the Chinese at
    Nanjing that the Japanese control over Nanjing is
    called the rape of Nanjing

85
Germany
  • Hitler glorifies war as a way of restoring
    national pride to Germany. (Militarism).

86
Germany
  • Hitler begins a policy of German land expansion
    later known as lebensraum or living space.
  • Hitler rebuilds the German Army a direct
    violation of the Treaty of Versailles.

87
Germany
  • In 1936 Hitler moves troops into the Rhineland on
    the boarder of France. A direct violation of the
    Treaty of Versailles.

88
Germany
  • In March 1938 Hitler moves troops into Austria
    creating an Anschluss or union between Austria
    and Germany.
  • A direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
  • Britain and France ignore the pledge to help
    Austria.

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90
Germany
  • In September 1938 Hitler demanded the western
    part of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland
    become part of Germany.
  • Hitler claimed that 3 million German speaking
    people lived there and should be German
    territory.

91
Appeasement
  • The Czech Government refused to give the
    Sudetenland to Hitler.
  • The Czechs had an alliance with France and asked
    France for help.
  • Britain and France began to prepare for war.

92
Appeasement/The Munich Conference
To avoid war Mussolini sets up a meeting between
France, Britain, Italy and Germany
The Czechs are not invited
The meeting called the Munich Conference is
held Sept. 29, 1938
British Prime Minister Chamberlain tries
to preserve peace
On Sept. 30, 1938 Hitler takes over the
Sudetenland
Chamberlain gives into Hitlers demands
Hitler agrees to respect Czechoslovakia's new
boarders. War is avoid.
March 1939 German troops take over the rest
of Czechoslovakia.
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94
Nazi/Soviet Nonaggression Pact
  • France and Britain asked the Soviet Union to help
    stop German aggression.
  • The democracies of France and Britain and the
    Communist of the Soviet Union did not trust each
    other.

95
Nazi/Soviet Nonaggression Pact
  • Hitler also began talks with the Soviet Union.
  • On August 23, 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union
    agreed not to attack each other.
  • Now only France and Britain could stop Hitler.
  • Hitler was also clear to invade Poland.

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97
The Invasion of Poland
  • In April 1939 Hitler demanded the upper western
    part of Poland be returned to Germany.
  • France and Britain refused.
  • On Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland and
    started World War Two.

98
Axis Powers
  • Germany, Italy and Japan formed the Axis Powers.
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