The Rise of Dictators

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The Rise of Dictators
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• What factors make it likely for dictators to
  arise?

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Mussolini

• Italy

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Fascism

• Powerful, authoritarian government.
• The country must arm itself
• All media and Information must be government
  controlled. Unions should be outlawed and
  businesses serve the governments goals.
• Some racial and religious groups are inferior and
  should have no power in business and government.
• Mussolini style-
• aggressive nationalism
• anti-communist
• expand territory and military

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• Nickname Il Duce
• Goal Restore Italys prestige and power, form
  totalitarian state.
• "He made the trains run on time"
• Ended unemployment
• Allied with Hitler (Germany) and Franco (Spain)
• Overthrown by a revolt within his own government
• His military the blackshirts

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• He introduced strict censorship and altered the
  methods of election so that in 19251926 he was
  able to assume dictatorial powers and dissolve
  all other political parties. Skillfully using his
  secret but absolute control over the press, he
  gradually built up the legend of Il Duce, the
  title he bestowed upon himself a man who never
  slept, was always right, and could solve all the
  problems of politics and economics.

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• The law codes were rewritten. All teachers in
  schools and universities had to swear an oath to
  defend the Fascist regime. Newspaper editors were
  all personally chosen by Mussolini himself, and
  no one who did not possess a certificate of
  approval from the Fascist party could practice
  journalism. These certificates were issued in
  secret, so the public had no idea of this ever
  occurring, thus skillfully creating the illusion
  of a "free press".
• Another change is that all schools, newspapers
  etc. etc. had to not write the 13th of June 1933
  but instead had to write the 13th of June of the
  11th year of Mussolini's power.

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• In foreign policy, Mussolini favored aggressive
  nationalism.

The invasion of Ethiopia was accomplished rapidly
and involved several atrocities such as the use
of chemical weapons (mustard gas) and the
indiscriminate slaughter of much of the local
population.
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Death

• On April 27, 1945, Mussolini and his mistress
  Claretta Petacci were caught by members of the
  Italian communist party
• The next day the bodies of Mussolini and his
  mistress were hung upside down in Milan, along
  with those of other fascists, to show the
  population that the dictator had been destroyed.
• The corpses became subject to ridicule and abuse
  by many who felt oppressed by the former
  dictator's policies.

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Adolf Hitler

• Germany

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Hitler

• Nazi
• Centered around anger at Treaty of Versailles.
• Ethnic nationalism- Wanted to establish a German
  Empire
• Racism
• Anti-Semitism Thought Jews Infected Aryan race
• Eugenics- belief in the need to purify the German
  race. Resulted in the killing of disabled people
  and the sterilization of people with mental
  deficiencies or illnesses perceived as
  hereditary.

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• Tried to seize power in 1923- resulted in
• 5 years jail time.
• Mein Kampf- My Struggle
• Appointed chancellor- launching pad to become
  president
• Holocaust Killed approx. 11 million people.
• Huge expansion of industry.
• Achieved near full employment

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Adolf Hitler

• On November 8, 1923, Hitler held a rally at a
  Munich beer hall and proclaimed a revolution. The
  following day, he led 2,000 armed "brown-shirts"
  in an attempt to take over the government. This
  attempt was resisted and put down by the police,
  after more than a dozen were killed in the
  fighting. Hitler suffered a broken and dislocated
  arm, was arrested, and was imprisoned. He
  received a five-year sentence.

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• Hitler served only nine months of his five-year
  term. While in prison, he wrote the first volume
  of Mein Kampf. It was partly an autobiographical
  book (although filled with inaccuracies, and
  half-truths) which also detailed his views on the
  future of the German people. He portrayed the
  Jews as responsible for all of the problems and
  evils of the world, particularly democracy,
  Communism, and Germany's defeat in the War. Jews
  were the German nation's true enemy, he wrote.

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• Germany could stop the Jews from conquering the
  world only by eliminating them. By doing so,
  Germany could also find Lebensraum, living
  space, without which the superior German culture
  would decay.

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• Once released from prison, Hitler decided to
  seize power constitutionally rather than by force
  of arms. He spoke to scores of mass audiences,
  calling for the German people to create a new
  empire which would rule the world for 1,000
  years. In 1932, Hitler ran for President and won
  30 of the vote.
• A political deal was made to make Hitler
  chancellor in exchange for his political support.
  He was appointed to that office in January 1933.

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• Several attempts were made on Hitler's life
  during the war, but none was successful. As the
  war appeared to be inevitably lost, he killed
  himself on April 30, 1945. By that time, one of
  his chief objectives was achieved with the
  annihilation of two-thirds of European Jews.

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• Fuhrer - A leader, especially one exercising the
  absolute power of a tyrant. Hitler's title as
  leader of the Nazi party, and Chief of the German
  state.
• Nazism - The abbreviation for National Socialist
  German Worker's Party.
• Third Reich - The Third Empire. It refers to
  Hitler's name for his German Empire as a
  successor to the 1st Empire of the Roman Emperors
  (First Reich) and the Empire of Bismarck in 19th
  century Germany (Second Reich).

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Fransisco Franco

• Spain

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• Generalissimo of the Fascist army
• Rose to power during a civil war in Spain.
• His army was supported by troops from Nazi
  Germany and Fascist Italy

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• Spain under Franco
• Spain was bitterly divided and economically
  ruined as a result of the civil war.
• After the war a very harsh repression began, with
  hundreds of thousands of executions, an unknown
  number of political prisoners and thousands of
  people in exile.

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• In September 1939, World War II broke out in
  Europe, and although Adolf Hitler met Franco in
  France to discuss Spanish entry on the side of
  the Axis, Franco's demands (food, military
  equipment, French North Africa, etc.) proved too
  much and no agreement was reached.
• Some historians argue that Franco made demands
  that he knew Hitler would not accede to in order
  to stay out of the war.
• After the fall of France in June 1940, Spain
  offered support to the Axis powers until 1943
  when the tide of the war turned against Germany.

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Joseph Stalin

• Russia

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Communist

• Goal government controlled economy
• Need for industrialization.
• Collectivization of agriculture
• Citizen wages fell
• Prison labor (free) was used.
• Achieved significant economic growth
• Increased social services (healthcare, education,
  transportation)
• Killed between 3 and 60 million

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• In the 1930s Stalin initiated the Great Purge, a
  period of police terror that reached its peak in
  1937.
• Those targeted by the purge were banished to the
  Gulag labor camps to execution.

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Russian Labor Camps

• These camps were notorious for their extremely
  rough conditions new prisoner death rate was as
  high as 80 at some camps. During and after the
  Great Purges, the Gulag camps housed millions of
  prisoners. Stalin used them both as a source of
  cheap labor, and as indirect extermination camps.

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• The flimsiest pretexts were often enough to brand
  someone an "Enemy of the People," starting the
  cycle of public persecution and abuse, often
  proceeding to interrogation, torture and
  deportation, if not death.

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Deportations

• Over 1.5 million people were deported. Resistance
  to Soviet rule and collaboration with the
  invading Germans were cited as the official
  reasons for the deportations.
• The following ethnic groups were deported
  completely or partially Ukrainians, Poles,
  Koreans, Volga Germans, Chechens, Balkars,,
  Finns, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians, Latvians,
  Lithuanians, Estonians, Jews.

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Militarists

• Japan

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• Militarists thought the only way for Japan to get
  resources was to seize territory.
• Militarists invaded Manchuria
• Controlled people through the Emperor.