Aegean Beginnings

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Aegean Beginnings

• Geography southern tip of Balkan Peninsula in
  southern Europe and surrounding islands
• Interior mountain ranges and fertile coasts and
  valleys
• Short, swift rivers
• Mild climate with moderate temperatures, low
  humidity and limited rainfall

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Aegean Civilizations

• The Minoans of Crete (2500-1450 BC)
• Island kingdom on Crete
• Knossos was capital city home of King Minos
• Advanced culture with extensive sea trade
• Greater gender equality much emphasis on social
  and athletic activities
• Religion based on Earth Mother goddess
• Reached peak around 1600 BC, fell soon
  afterwardreason unknown

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Aegean Civilizations (cont)

• The Mycenaeans of the Balkans
• Indo-European group that migrated down from
  central Asia around 2000 BC
• Intermarried with indigenous Hellenes over time,
  established series of kingdoms
• Kingdoms surrounding a hilltop fortress wealthy
  estates
• Contact with Minoans adopted many Minoan customs
  (religion, metalworking, etc)

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Aegean Civilizations (cont)

• e) Eventually conquered Minoans and took control
  of the Aegean around 1400 BC
• f) Infighting among Mycenaeans weakened their
  empire
• g) Greek-speaking Dorians w/iron weapons swept in
  from the north and destroyed Mycenaean kingdoms
• h) Many Mycenaeans fled to Turkey to escape

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The Greek Dark Ages

• Dorians were eastern Europeans who had iron
  weapons, but no written language or advanced
  culture
• After several generations, written language was
  lost in the region for about 300 years
• Period of the Greek epics (Iliad and Odyssey)
• Oral histories/stories from Mycenaean past
• Finally, refugees from Ionia (coast of Turkey)
  returned to Greece and brought back written
  language and culture

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The City-States

• The PolisGreek word for city-state
• Root word for politics
• Consisted of city and surrounding countryside
• At center was the acropolis
• Served as temple for local deity

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Citizens

• Citizenship in most city-states was elitist
• Citizens made up the minority of each city-state
• Qualifications in most city-states included
• Born in Greek city-state to Greek parents
• Male
• Land ownership

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Political and Social Change

• Initially, polis governed by kings
• Eventually lost power to aristocrats (nobles)
• Aristocrats began taking advantage of lower
  classes farms lost to aristocracy to pay back
  loans, etc.
• Lower classes became resentful and demanded
  change
• Also, middle class merchants (most noncitizens)
  began wanting a voice in government

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Rise of Tyrants

• In order to maintain peace, many city-states
  turned govt over to tyrants who ruled
  single-handedly (usually good and fair rulers)
  but often harsh and disliked by the majority
• Most tyrannies evolved into either oligarchies or
  democracies
• Two best examples Sparta (oligarchy) and Athens
  (democracy)

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SPARTA

• Best army in ancient Greece
• Most powerful state before rise of Athens
• Lycurgus - established the military-oriented
  reformation of Spartan society
• No historical literature or written laws
• According to tradition, prohibited by Lycurgus.

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• State ruled by two hereditary kings
• Equal in authority
• Duties
• religious, judicial and military
• Real power
• Assembly (citizens over 30)
• headed by 5 ephors and council of elders
• Only those w/distinguished military records could
  be ephors or elders

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• Spartan citizens far outnumbered by two groups
  working for them
• Helotsslaves
• Perioeciartisans and merchants (noncitizens)
• Fear of revolt by these two groups fueled the
  strict military govt
• Revolt in 650 BC took 30 years to put down and
  created environment where change/new ideas
  unwelcomed

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Spartas Military Society

• City had no walls as sign of military might
• All male citizens required to serve in army
• Life of a male citizen
• birthinspection by military officials
• 7 yrsoff to military school (academics, physical
  training and weaponry)
• 20 yrsbecame soldiers and sent to frontier areas
• 30 yrsarranged marriage back to military
• 60 yrsretirement and return home

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Women in Spartan Society

• Greater rights than other Greek city-states
• Treated equally from birth by parents (food,care)
• Physical training and fighting skills
• Married at 19 (most city-states 14), strange
  rituals of marriage
• Allowed to leave home unescorted
• Could own property, Couldnt participate in
  government
• Took great pride in sons military records
• The wife of King Leonidas was allegedly asked why
  Spartan women were the only women in Greece who
  "ruled" their husbands. Gorgo replied, "because
  we are the only women who give birth to men."

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• Spartan laws discouraged anything that would
  distract people from their disciplined military
  life.
• Sparta did not welcome visitors from other
  cities, and Spartans were not allowed to travel.
• The Spartans were not interested in other ways of
  life and did not want to bring new ideas to their
  polis.
• Sparta is on the Peloponnesus
• Hilly, rocky area at the southern end of the
  Greek peninsula.
• The Spartans conquered many people in the region
  and forced them to work as slaves.

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Athens

• Monarchy-aristocracy-tyranny-democracy
• Athens began its history as a Neolithic hill-fort
  on top of the Acropolis ("high city"), some time
  in the third millennium BC.
• By 1400 BC Athens
• Powerful centre of the Mycenaean civilization
• Athens was never sacked and abandoned at the time
  of the Doric invasion
• Athenians claimed to be "pure" Ionians with no
  Doric element.

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• 8th century BCE
• Athens re-emerged, by virtue of location, as a
  key city
• Became the INTELLECTUAL CENTER of the world
• Reformers of Athens
• Draco codified laws, harsh-death penalty for
  minor crimes
• Solon
• rewrote laws canceled land mortgages, limited
  amt of land one can own, male commoners right to
  vote
• Cleisthenes
• men of all classes could serve on council,
  Father of Greek Democracy
• Pericles
• removed restrictions on office holding, paid
  salaries to public officials

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END INTRO TO GREEKS
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Persia

• Established by Cyrus the Great
• Great builder/conqueror
• Followed by Darius the Great
• Darius led Persia against the Greeks
• A great administrator
• Allowed people to maintain identity
• Satrapies, Roads, Uniformity
• Language, weights, currency, law code
• Rival power to the Greeks
• Religion Zoroastrianism
• Developed by the prophet Zoroaster around 600
  B.C.E.
• Taught that life is a battle between the opposing
  forces of good and evil,
• Humans must choose between the two.

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PERSIAN WAR 500-479 BC

• DARIUS LED PERSIANS
• Battle of Marathon
• Heavily outnumbered, win by double envelopment

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• 480 Battle of Thermopylae Pass
• -Xerxes led Persians
• Leonidas led Greeks
• Bravery at its finest
• 300 vs Thousands
• Allows Greeks to prepare for invasion
• Battle of Salamis Persian naval disaster
• Large Persian fleet versus small mobile Athenians
  
• Xerxes and his throne
• Battle of Plataea 38,000 Athenian and
  Peloponnesian soldiers

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Delian League

• Headed by Athens
• Money squandered
• Peloponnesian War
• Sparta wins

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GOLDEN AGE

• THEATER
• TRAGEDY SOPHOCLES, EURIPIDES, AESCHYLUS
• COMEDY ARISTOPHANES

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• Philosophy
• -Socrates Know thyself
• Plato wrote THE REPUBLIC about a perfect
  society ruled by intelligent aristocracy
• Aristotle wrote on science, govt, logic
• History
• -Herodotus
• -Thucydides

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• Architecture
• -Columns Doric, Ionic and Corinthian

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PARTHENON
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Science and math

• Pythagoras geometry
• Hippocrates disease of natural causes
• Democritus matter is composed of small atoms

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Alexander the Great

• Son of Philip of Macedonia
• Greatest empire of the time
• Blended cultureshellenistic
• Instilled peace
• Horse was Bucephalus

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• Decisive battleGaugamela
• Envisioned a global world where cultures could
  mix
• Encouraged generals to marry Persians
• Died 323 BC
• Power struggle

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• Ptolemy
• Antigonid
• Seleucid

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Hellenistic Cultural achievements

• Alexandria
• Aristarchus astronomer who developed theory that
  the universe was heliocentric
• Eratosthenes circumference of the earth
• Euclid ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY
• Archimedes lever, pulley, value of pi

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Philosophers of Hellenistic age

• Diogenes cynic, rejected societal values of
  wealth, power, social position for self control
• Zeno live according to reason, be indifferent
  to pleasure or pain-Stoicism
• Epicurus seek pleasure and happiness in a
  balanced, moral life

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Sculpture
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Venus de Milo
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Nike winged victory of Samothrace
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Dying Gaul
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Ancient Rome
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Foundations of a great civilization

• 753 BCE Roman Civilization founded
• Situated on seven wooded hills along the Tiber
  River
• Legend has it that twin brothers Romulus and
  Remus founded Rome on one of these hills
• Why is this location important?
• Fertile soil
• Excellent Building materials nearby
• Strategically located
• Easier to fend off invaders
• Centrally located away from coast to protect
  against invaders such as pirates
• Protected to the north by Alps

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The ancient city of Rome

• Population 50 70 million people at the Roman
  Empires height
• 1 million lived in Rome
• 5 6 million in Italy
• The people of the Roman Empire were of all
  different nationalities and faiths
• Class Structure
• Upper Class members of senate and their
  families
• Lower Class Citizens (farmers, city workers,
  and soldiers) and slaves (captured in war and
  eventually freed)
• Equites wealthy landowner class that emerged.
  They held government positions and helped run the
  civil service

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Political Structure (contd)

• Patricians
• Senate
• Plebians
• Assembly
• Consuls
• Representative (as opposed to Direct in Greece)
• 12 Tables (innocent until proven guilty)

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The ancient city of Rome (contd)

• Cities of Importance
• Cities of importance
• Alexandria, Antioch(Syria) and Constantinople
• All were centers of trade and cultural diffusion
• Forum a large open space surrounded by markets
  and buildings, and temples
• Family Structure
• Family Structure was paternal (paterfamilias)
  and sons could not own property until father was
  deceased
• Boys married around age15 18 and girls _at_ age 13
  or 14

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• Education
• Until around the age of 11, most attended school
  at home or at a private school
• Often, children were taught by slaves
• It was not uncommon for these slaves to have more
  education than the people they taught
• Higher education was reserved for the upper class
• Religion
• Early Romans believed in gods and goddesses
• 300s BCE Roman contact with Greeks leads then
  to adopt some Greek ideas-Magna Graecia
• gods and temples to honor them
• 313CE turn to religion of Christianity

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Roman Economy

• Occupation - 90 of the people were farmers
•  Manufacturing and Mining
• Most of these items came from areas outside Rome
• Gold and silver came from Spain
• Tin and Lead from Britain
• Italy did have iron ore and copper deposits
• This meant that they were heavily engaged in
  trade
• Cargo ships from the Mediterranean would bring
  goods from all over the empire
• Traded for silk from China, Ivory from Africa
•  

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Transportation and Communication

• 50,000 miles of roads covered the empire
• Constructed by the army to increase movements of
  troops
• These roads promoted trade and communication

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Arts and Sciences

• Architecture was adapted from Greek architecture
• Achievements of Roman Architecture
• 1 The arch supported bridges and aqueducts
  and allowed for the construction of vaulted
  ceilings which could eliminate the need for
  columns
• 2 Concrete provided a strong building
  material
• Science
• Ptolemy developed the study of astronomy 275 BCE

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The Roman Republic

• 509 BCE Roman Republic established
• 2 elected officials called consuls headed the
  government
• Served for 1 year
• The Senate was the most powerful government body
  in the Roman Republic
• Unlike the consuls, senators served for life
• They were patricians(upper class members of
  society)
• The plebeians(citizens) held little power as
  members of the assembly, the Concilium Plebis

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From Republic to Empire

• 31 BCE Roman Republic ends and the Roman empire
  is established
• This was brought about by 20 years of civil war
• An emperor now controlled the governments
  decision making ability
• The emperor appointed senators, consuls and other
  officials
•  

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Laws to live by in Rome

• 450 BCE Romans publish their first code of laws
  called the Laws of the Twelve Tables
• The flexibility of these laws led to the
  establishment of a basic set of laws called jus
  gentium(law of nations)
• These were a set of common sense laws
•  Army
• Made of land owning citizens
• They had a larger stake in what they were
  fighting for
• Role of the Army
• Build roads, walls, aqueducts, walls, and tunnels

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Rulers of Rome

• Julius Caesar
• Augustus Caesar
• Tiberius
• Nero
• Vespasian
• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Constantine
• Diocletian East and West
• Theodosius

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The Fall of Rome

• The empire grew steadily weaker over time
• Why?
• Size
• Internal Conflict
• Mercenary troops
• Germanic Peoples invaded and crushed Rome
• 476    - Empire ends when the last emperor is
  forced out of power by Germanic chieftain Odoacer

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Lasting Impacts of the Romans

• Roman Law became the basis for many legal
  systems Justinians Code(eastern)
• Latin was the basis for many languages spoken
  today
• Architectural achievements
• Government structure
• Religion