Title: Chapter 9
1Chapter 9 Beginnings (Greece)
2- Lesson Essential Question 1 Where are the
important features and cities of the Minoans and
Mycenaeans on a map?
3A. Locate and label items on the map of the
Aegean World.
4Chapter FocusWhy Its Important (p. 151)
5B. What two civilizations did Greek
civilizations grow out of?
- Minoan
- Mycenaean
6C. What was important about both these
civilizations?
- Due to the geography of the land, they both
became great sea powers. - The Minoans and Mycenaeans left an important
legacy, or gift from the past, to the Greeks.
7Section 1 The Minoans (p. 151-155)
- Lesson Essential Question 2 What was life like
for the Minoans?
8The Minoans p. 151-152
9D. Where did the Minoan civilization start?
10E. Describe, or tell me about, the Minoans.
- The Minoans, also known as Cretans, grew wheat,
barley, grapes, and olives. - When the olive groves and vineyards produced more
than was needed, the Minoans traded the surplus
for goods they could not grow or make on Crete.
11F. What did the Minoans do with their forests?
- Since there were so many forests, the Minoans
learned to work with wood and became good
carpenters and build ships.
12G. How did the Minoans earn a living?
- They also learned to work with metal.
- They used their metalworking and carpentry skills
to build ships and began to earn a living from
trade instead of farming.
13 H. What did the Minoans do when pirates
threatened their ships?
- When pirates threatened their ships, the Minoans
changed the way they built them so they would go
faster. - They made them slimmer, and with two or three
masts instead of one. - The Minoans also put decks over the heads of
rowers to protect them. - They placed a wooden beam in the prow, or front
part of the ship. - The wooden beam was used to smash a hole in enemy
ships to sink them.
14I. Over time, what did the Minoans become?
- The Minoans became the worlds first important
seafaring civilization.
15The People (p. 152)
16 J. Describe the Minoan people.
- The Minoans were a small people with bronze skin
and long dark hair. - Men wore striped loincloths, long robes
embroidered with flowers, or trousers that bagged
at the knee. - Women wore full skirts and short-sleeved jackets
that laced in front. - The Minoans had small waists and wore tight belts
to show them off. - They also wore jewelry.
17K. How did the Minoans spend their time?
- Men farmed and fished.
- They raised cattle, long-horned sheep, and goats.
- The men also served in the navy and the royal
guard. - Women performed household duties, attended
sporting events, and went hunting in chariots.
18L. What did the Minoans do to show their love of
sports?
- They built what was probably the worlds first
arena. - It was an open-air arena
- Stone steps made up the grandstand, which seated
about 500. - The king and the royal party had their own
special seats.
19M. Define and describe bull leaping
- Bull leaping was a form of bullfighting. A young
man and woman fought the bull together. The
man would grab the bull by the horns. As the
bull raised its head to toss him, he would do a
somersault onto its back, landing on his feet.
He would then do a back flip off the bull. The
woman would catch her partner as he landed on his
feet. Many believe it was also a religious
ritual.
20Bull Leaping
21Cities and Palaces (p. 152-153)
22N. What ways Minoan cities were different from
other ancient cities?
- At the heart of each Minoan city stood a palace
rather than a temple. - Also, Minoan cities did not have walls around
them. - Instead people depended on the sea and navy for
protection.
23O. Describe, or tell me about, the city of
Knossos.
- One of the largest cities of Crete.
- About one-fifth of the area was taken up by a
five-story palace that served as a government
building, temple, factory, and warehouse. - Its walls were built of stone and sun-dried brick
framed with wooden beams. - The Minoans decorated the inside walls with
brightly colored frescoes, or watercolor
paintings made on damp plaster. - The palace had bathrooms with bathtubs and flush
toilets.
24O. Describe, or tell me about, the city of
Knossos.
- It also had hot and cold running water and
portable fireboxes to heat rooms. - The palace had several entrances.
- Passageways and rooms formed a labyrinth.
- Define labyrinth a network of paths through
which it is difficult to find ones way a maze - Labyrinth also means double ax, so the palace
was called House of the Double Ax.
25P. What was around the palace and beyond?
- Sea captains, merchants, and ship builders lived
in houses around the palace. - Past their houses stood those of artisans who
made beautiful cups and vases and designed
delicate jewelry.
26Rulers and Religion (p. 154)
27Q. What kind of rulers did Crete have?
28R. Were the Minoans monotheistic or
polytheistic?
- Polytheistic They believed in many gods.
- Monotheism is the belief in one god.
29S. What was Minoan religion like?
- The main god was the Great Goddess Mother Earth.
- She made plants grow and brought children into
the world. - To honor her, the Minoans built shrines in
palaces, on housetops, on hilltops, and in caves.
30The Fall of the Minoans (p. 155)
31T. What happened to the Minoans?
- Around 1400 B. C., control of the sea and of
Crete went to the Mycenaeans.
32U. What have scientists learned about what
happened to the Minoans?
- Scientists have learned of a violent, volcanic
eruption (volcano of Thera) on the island of
Santorini, miles away, led to a tsunami. This
tsunami destroyed the Minoan ships and also left
them open for attack.
33(No Transcript)
34V. Summarize, or tell me briefly about, the
legend that describes the fall ofthe Minoans.
- A young Greek prince named Theseus was brought to
Crete to be sacrificed to the Minotaur, a huge
monster the king had kept in the palace
labyrinth. The Minotaur had the body of a man
and the head of a bull and lived on human flesh.
Theseus was put in the labyrinth. He fought the
monster with a magical sword and killed it. When
the Minotaur died, so did the power of the
Minoans.
35Section 2 The Mycenaeans (p. 155-160)
- Lesson Essential Question 3 What was life like
for the Mycenaeans?
36The Mycenaeans (p. 155, 157)
37W. Where did the Mycenaeans come from and how did
they arrive in Greece?
- The Mycenaeans came from the grasslands of
southern Russia. - Around 2000 B. C., small groups started making
their way west into Europe and then south through
the Balkan Peninsula. - Finally, they settled in the lowlands of Greece.
38X. How did the fortress-palaces work?
- The Mycenaean kings built fortress-palaces on
hilltops. - In times of danger or attack, the people in the
villages outside the palace walls took shelter
within the palace. - Define megaron a square room with a fireplace
in its center - The king held council meetings and entertained in
the megaron.
39Y. How did the Mycenaeans use their land?
- Land was divided into estates that were farmed
either by enslaved people or by tenants. - Define tenants people who live on and work
another persons land - Landowners gave the king horses, chariots,
weapons, wheat, farm animals, honey, and hides in
exchange for protection. - Tenants worked to supply many of these items.
40Z. How did the Mycenaeans get more meat?
- They hunted. They hunted rabbit, deer, boar,
wild bulls, and game birds. Women rode with the
men.
41Traders and Pirates (p. 157-158)
42AA. How did the Minoans influence the Mycenaeans?
- The Mycenaeans began to imitate Minoan gold and
bronze work. - They adapted Cretan writing to their language.
- They copied Minoan fashion.
- Most important, the Mycenaeans learned how to
build ships and navigate. - They also learned to grow olives and make olive
oil.
43BB. What were the uses for olive oil?
- cooking
- fuel for lamps
- to rub on their bodies (perfumed oil)
44CC. How did olive oil impact Mycenaean trade?
- The sale of olive oil made the Mycenaeans rich.
- It also led to the founding of trading stations
and settlements on nearby islands.
45DD. How were the Mycenaeans warriors at heart?
- In battle, they used large hide shields with
wooden frames and fought with spears and swords. - Their leaders wore fancy bronze armor.
- At first, the Mycenaeans only fought one another.
- After they learned about shipbuilding and
navigation, they outfitted pirate fleets and
began to raid nearby lands. - By 1400 B. C., they had replaced the Minoans as
the chief power of the Aegean world.
46The Trojan War (p. 158-159)
- Lesson Essential Question 4 What is the
legendary cause and effect of the Trojan War?
47EE. What was Troy?
- a major trading city in Asia Minor
48FF. What made the Trojans powerful?
- The Trojans controlled trade routes to the Black
Sea. - They made money by taxing the ships that carried
grain and gold from southern Russia to Greece.
49GG. Who was Homer?
- He was a blind, Greek poet.
- Iliad Homers poem about the Trojan War
- Odyssey Homers poem about the wanderings of
Odysseus, a hero of the Trojan War.
50HH. Summarize, according to Homer, what happened
during the TrojanWar.
- The Trojan War was fought over a woman. A Trojan
prince, Paris, fell in love with Helen, the wife,
of a Mycenaean king. Paris took Helen to Troy.
Her husband became angry and sailed after them.
Since the walls of Troy were so thick, the
Mycenaeans could not get inside the city. They
camped on the plain outside the city walls.
After ten years of fighting, Odysseus suggested a
way to get inside. He had the soldiers build a
huge, hollow, wooden horse. Soldiers hid inside
while the rest sailed away. The Trojans saw the
ships leave and thought they had won. They did
not know the Mycenaeans would return after dark.
The Trojans pulled the horse into the city as a
victory prize. When everyone went to sleep, the
soldiers hidden inside came out. They opened the
gates and let the rest of the Mycenaean soldiers
in the city. They Mycenaeans killed the king of
Troy and burned the city. With Helen, they
returned home.
51A Dark Age (p. 159-160)
- Lesson Essential Question 5 How did the Dark
Ages affect the Aegean World?
52II. What happened after the Trojan War?
- The Mycenaeans did not return to their peaceful
ways. A series of civil wars broke out.
53JJ. Define civil wars
- wars between opposing groups of citizens
54KK. Who then invaded Greece?
55LL. What happened to the Mycenaeans?
- Thousands of Mycenaeans fled the Greek mainland
and settled on Aegean islands on the western
shore of Asia Minor. These settlements later
became known as Ionia. - The Aegean World then entered a Dark Age.
56MM. What happened during the Dark Age?
- It was a time of wandering and killing.
- Overseas trade stopped.
- The people of Aegean region forgot how to write
and keep records. - The skill of fresco painting and working with
ivory and gold disappeared. - The Aegean world was cut off from the Middle East
and the people had to create a new civilization
on their own.
57NN. What happened after the Dark Age when the
people started over?
- The people started over.
- Once again, herding and farming became the main
ways of life. - Local leaders ruled small areas.
- These leaders called themselves kings, but they
were little more than chiefs. - At first, the borders of the areas they ruled
kept changing. - In time, however, the borders became fixed, and
each area became an independent community.
58NN. What happened after the Dark Age when the
people started over?
- The people of these communities began calling
themselves Hellenes, or Greeks. - They worked hard to redevelop their culture and
to learn new crafts and skills. - The civilization they created flourished from
about 700s B. C. until 336 B. C.