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The contents of the Copenhagen Accord on climate
change
Valentino Piana Rome, 23nd March 2010
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Contents
1. The climate debate
2. The Copenhagen Accord the components and the
positive elements
3. Adaptation to climate change - the African
NAPAs
4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
5. Finance
6. Next steps
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1. The climate debate
Climate change
Development
World financial architecture
Food security
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2. The Copenhagen Accord the components
The Accord is constituted by 1. The list of
countries that associate themselves with it 2.
Twelve articles about A shared vision of the
future Adaptation Annex I countries
commitments about reduction of greenhouse gases
emissions Non-Annex I countries Nationally
appropriate mitigation actions Deforestation
and forest degradation actions Incentives to
low emitting economies New and additional,
predictable and adequated funding with improved
access A High Level Panel to study the sources
of funds The Copenhagen Green Climate Fund
A country-driven Technology Mechanism The next
steps, including the assessment of the
implementation of the Accord 3. An appendix
containing the commitments of Annex I
countries 4. An appendix containing the
mitigation actions by non-Annex I countries 5. A
Registry of the mitigation actions seeking
international support
107 until now, of which 28 African countries
Below 2o Degrees
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2. The Copenhagen Accord the positive elements
The Accord will test the effectiveness of an
approach focused on immediate actions and
verification of commitments, through alternative
moves from all countries (bottom-up approach). It
can fail and under-deliver but it is worth
trying. In particular, CA is characterized by the
following elements
1. All major GHG emitting countries involved,
generating specific pledges from 73 countries
that together account for more than 80 per
cent of global emissions from energy use
2. Operational immediately
3. 30 billion dollars committed by developed
countries for the first three years (of which
2.4 billion euros committed by EU countries
yearly 2010-2012)
4. A steep rising pathway of funding up to 100 US
billions in 2020, where the sources will be
studied by a High Level Panel (co-chairs and
members already chosen)
5. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions by
non-Annex I countries both unilateral and
conditional on obtaining international
support in terms of technology, funding and
capacity-building (art. 5)
6. Technology Mechanism selected, linked to NAMAs
(art. 11)
7. Annex I Kyoto Protocol parties further
strengthen their commitments (art. 4)
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3. Adaptation to climate change - the African
NAPAs
Art. 3 of the Copenhagen Accord Adaptation to
the adverse effects of climate change and the
potential impacts of response measures is a
challenge faced by all countries. Enhanced
action and international cooperation on
adaptation is urgently required to ensure the
implementation of the UNFCCC Convention by
enabling and supporting the implementation of
adaptation actions aimed at reducing
vulnerability and building resilience in
developing countries, especially in those that
are particularly vulnerable, especially least
developed countries, small island developing
States and Africa. We agree that developed
countries shall provide adequate, predictable and
sustainable financial resources, technology and
capacity-building to support the implementation
of adaptation action in developing countries.
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3. Adaptation to climate change - the African
NAPAs
Well in advance to Copenhagen conference, most
Least Developed Countries prepared programs for
adaptation, the so-called National Adaptation
Programmes of Actions. Their cumulative cost is
about 1 .7 billion US dollars. 32 African
countries have so far presented NAPAs, for a
total of about 1.350 billion US dollars (about
the 80 of the total). The Global Environmental
Facility (GEF) required long procedures to access
the funds as well as large co-financing. Until
recently, GEF has disboursed only about 60
millions dollars.
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4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
(NAMAs) an overview
NAMAs are schematic texts submitted to UNFCCC
Secretariat by national focal points, to be
collected in Appendix II of CA and in a special
Registry (if looking for support). The 32
countries that have presented official NAMAs
before 7th March 2010 have interpreted
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions in a
wide range of ways carbon-neutrality
declaration economy-wide commitments of
reducing emissions in percentage with
respect to a baseline of Business-as-Usual
trajectory absolute reductions of CO2-eq
emissions sectoral preferential directions
of development specific goals and actions
localized projects with specified technical
parametres.
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4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
(NAMAs) an overview
The geographical distribution of NAMAs
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4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
(NAMAs) an overview
The sectoral distribution of NAMAs
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4. NAMAs in national planning
UNFCCC, MEF/G8/G20
Low-emission development strategy (art.2 CA)
Climate Action Plans (BAP six pillars Shared
Vision, Mitigation, Adaptation, Technology,
Finance, Capacity building), e.g. National
Adaptation Strategy
Local Adaptation Plans
NAMAs
NAPAs
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4. The process of devising NAMAs and obtaining
international support
In the country
International interface
Abroad
Analysis of existing and forthcoming laws and
policies
Existing funds
Copenhagen Green Climate Fund
Mitigation potential and international best
practices
Submission of NAMAs to UNFCCC
Inter-governmental organizations
Private investors
Economic mechanisms of activation
Detail design of measures
Technology / Solution providers
Research centres
Matching mechanism, dynamics and events
National stakeholders
NGOs
Local stakeholders
Localisation and implementation
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4. An evaluation of the existing NAMAs
Positive features
Negative features

• Wide variety
• Usually reflecting the national circumstances,
  existing laws and policies
• Fairly aware of international best practices
• Many sectors mentioned (e.g. energy, transport,
  building, agriculture, forestry, tourism,)
• Concise documents
• Better than CDM as for broader transformational
  potential

• Not clear the kind and features of the
  international support looked for
• No economic mechanism of activation
• Not mobilizing the private investors
• No legal guarantees for investors
• No appeal to research centres and NGOs
• Unexplored connection with the Technology
  Mechanism
• Often lacking CO2 reduction quantification
• Always lacking estimated costs, thus also the
  cost per avoided ton of CO2eq
• Transformational effects (e.g. green jobs,
  competitiveness, tax revenue,...) not expressed

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5. Finance
How much is raised
10 billions a year in 2010-2012 up to 100
billions in 2020
Who pays and by which source
What to fund
Balanced allocation between adaptation and
mitigation (for the first 30 billions)
High level panel will make a proposal
How and who manage the funds
Existing institutions Copenhagen Green Climate
Fund
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6. Next steps
G8/G20 in Toronto - launch of the Copenhagen
Green Climate Fund?
UNECA joint session with finance ministries in
Malawi
UNFCCC session in Sept/Oct ?
G8/G20 in Korea (November)
COP16 in Cancún (Mexico)
High Level panel on finance - first
meeting 29th March
UNFCCC session on 9th-11th April (Bonn)
UNFCCC session in May-June (Bonn)
Further NAMAs and NAPAs submissions, updated
communications, matching events
Raising the international support
of inter-governmental organizations, multilateral
and bilateral donors, research centres, NGOs, etc.