The Revolutions of 1848 The Ismsdike Breaks

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The Revolutions of 1848The Ismsdike Breaks

• Palmer Chapter 12.59, 12.60
• McKay Chapter 23

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This is the true story... of 4 strangers...
picked to live during a Revolution... and have
their lives taped... to find out what happens...
when people stop being polite... and start
getting real...The Real World 1848!!!
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Real World 1848 Europe

• Liberalism
• Con. Monarchy
• Enlightenment
• Reason
• Freedom on press, religion
• Laissez-faire
• Limited enfranchisement
• Bourgeoisie
• Economic/ political motivations for Nationalism

• Republicanism
• Republic
• Sans Cullotte (French Rev)
• Often socialistic
• Universal male suffrage
• Anti capitalistic
• Worker protection
• Social workshop
• Economic planning
• Proletariat
• Romantic, economic protection, political voice
  motivations for nationalism

• Romanticism
• Politically mixed
• Medieval times
• Emotion
• Dreamers
• Nationalism based on idea that people of similar
  ethnicity, language, culture and history belong
  together
• Believe it will lead to end of war

• Conservatism
• Absolute monarchy
• Ancien regime
• Tradition, monarchy, nobility
• Hierarchy
• Stability
• Fear all isms, especially nationalism

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Society was cut in two those who had nothing
united in common envy, and those who had anything
united in common terror. Alexis de Tocqueville
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1848 The Springtime of the Peoples.

• -Kossuth calls for Hungarian Nation
• -Vienna Revolts
• March Days
• Metternich flees
• Ferdinand accepts March Laws
• ends serfdom

Frankfurt Assembly Convenes -composed of liberals
-Gen Jellachich invades Hungary
Vienna retaken by Haps -Hungary falls within 8
months -Ferdinand abdicates in favor of Francis
Joseph
Pan Slavic Congress begins -envision a confed. of
Slavic nations
-Frederick William IV promises constitution -Piedm
ont Attacks Austria
-Sophia leads counterrevolution -Pan Slavic
Congress crushed by Austria
Jan Feb March April May June
July Aug Sept Oct Nov. Dec.
June Days -General Cavaignac the NA crush
socialist workers
February Revolution -Louis Philippe
Abdicates -National Workshops est.
-Louis Napoleon wins election -Will soon become
Nap. III, end 2nd Republic begin 2nd Empire
Blancs National Wksps closed
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Causes

• Series of liberal/nationalistic/socialist
  revolutions erupted across Continent
• Only GB and Russia immune
• Immediate Causes
• Severe food shortages
• Irish potato famine was part of overall poor
  harvests
• Growing Socialism
• Issues of Industrial Revolution
• Laissez faire policies
• widespread unemployment
• bad living/working conditions
• Growing Nationalism
• Acute in Austria
• Growing Liberalism
• Civil liberties ignored by conservatism
• Growing Democratic Republicanism
• Workers wanted universal male suffrage

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The Austrian Empire in 1848

• Most populous state except Russia
• Consisted of three major areas, numerous
  nationalities
• Germans, Magyars, Slavs
• Highly interlaced populations
• Metternich
• tried to crush nationalism
• Carlsbad Decree
• Predicted that nationalism would produce the war
  of all against all..

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The March Days

• News of February Revolution of France reached
  Vienna
• Vienna Uprising
• Louis Kossuth
• Magyar (Hungarian) nationalist and member of the
  Hungarian diet demanded Hungarian independence
  (March 3, 1848)
• March Days
• Kossuths speech inspired and inflamed students
  (March 13) who took to the streets to demand
  liberal constitution
• Children of classic liberals
• army failed to restore order
• Metternich resigned/fled
• Emperor Ferdinand(r.1835-48) promised
  moderate/liberal constitution
• Ended serfdom
• serfs now had little reason to support revolution

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The Magyar Revolt

• Liberal Magyar (Hungarians) leaders embolden by
  Vienna revolt
• Opposed central control of Vienna gov.
• Hungarian diet passed the March Laws
• ensured religious equality
• jury trials
• free press
• nobility taxes
• Emp Ferdinand approved measures
• Favors Classic Liberals (Bourgeoisie)
• But Nationalistic Magyars demand an independent
  Hungary
• tried to annex Transylvania/Croatia
• Other national groups hate this
• didnt want Hungarian language imposed
• Saw Hapsburgs as only hope of preserving culture
• What it happening?
• liberalism v. nationalism v nationalism

The Hungarian cockade used in 1848
Artist Mihály Zichy's rendition of Sándor Petofi
reciting the Nemzeti dal to a crowd on March 15,
1848
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Nemzeti dal ("National Song"), written by Sándor
Petofi, said to have inspired the Hungarian
Revolution of 1848

• National Song
• On your feet, Magyar, the homeland calls!The
  time is here, now or never!Shall we be slaves or
  free?This is the question, choose your answer!
• By the God of the HungariansWe vow,We vow, that
  we will be slavesNo longer!
• We were slaves up til now,Damned are our
  ancestors,Who lived and died free,Cannot rest
  in a slave land.By the God of the HungariansWe
  vow,We vow, that we will be slavesNo longer!
• Useless villain of a man,Who now, if need be,
  doesn't dare to die,Who values his pathetic life
  greaterThan the honor of his homeland.By the
  God of the HungariansWe vow,We vow, that we
  will be slavesNo longer!

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German States in 1848

• Frankfurt Assembly (May 1848-May 1849)
• Uprising had broken out in Berlin
• Liberal-Nationalists called for an all German
  Constitutional Monarchy
• Elected assembly met in Frankfurt to create a
  democratic unified Germany
• wanted a liberal, self-governing, federally
  unified, and democratic (not egalitarian) Germany
• were peaceable, legalistic, non-violent
• Its strength
• it represents the moral sentiment (liberalism,
  nationalism)

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First Pan-Slav Assembly

• Frankfurt Assembly
• German Nationalists met at Frankfurt in May 48
  in order to create a liberal constitutional
  monarchy and unite the German states
• Kossuth and Hungarian nationalist want a united
  Hungary
• Pan-Slavism
• Slavics see this as a threat to their culture,
  language, nationality
• Included Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Serbs
• Pan Slav assembly met in Prague (June 1848)
• Viewed the Austrian empire under the Hapsburgs as
  a protector to preserve Slavic interests

Uniforms of the Prague National Guard and student
legions from the revolution in 1848 on a
contemporary coloured lithograph published by F
Kretzschmar in Prague. (AMP, iconographic
collection, sign. III-332. Photo JL)
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Italy in 1848

• Italian liberals and nationalists wanted to oust
  the Hapsburgs and create Italian nation
• Looked to King Charles of Piedmont-Sardinia
  Pope Pius IX of the Papal States
• Both had had a liberal reputations
• Pope Pius was frightened after the assassination
  of his minister (Count Pelligrino Rossi)
  violence of revolution
• Pius IX returned an ardent reactionary
• Syllabus of Errors (1864)
• Reactionary tract against everything that went
  under the names liberalism, progress, modern
  civilization
• King Charles of Piedmont was lured into a war
  with Austria
• Piedmont quickly defeated
• King abdicated for son, Victor Emmanuel II
  (r.1849-78)
• Now the Republicans are alone (No Pope, No
  Charles)
• France Intervenes
• Louis Napoleon didnt want powerful Italy
• attacked Rome/restored pope
• dissolved Roman Republic

Political cartoon showing the duplicity of Pope
Pius IX
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THE SYLLABUS OF ERRORS BY PIUS IX

• As human reason is placed on a level with
  religion itself, so theological must be treated
  in the same manner as philosophical sciences
• Every man is free to embrace and profess that
  religion which, guided by the light of reason, he
  shall consider true. -
• Man may, in the observance of any religion
  whatever, find the way of eternal salvation, and
  arrive at eternal salvation. -- Encyclical "Qui
  pluribus,"
• Protestantism is nothing more than another form
  of the same true Christian religion, in which
  form it is given to please God equally as in the
  Catholic Church.
• The ecclesiastical power ought not to exercise
  its authority without the permission and assent
  of the civil government.
• The Church has not the power of using force, nor
  has she any temporal power, direct or indirect.
• In the case of conflicting laws enacted by the
  two powers, the civil law prevails.
• In the present day it is no longer expedient that
  the Catholic religion should be held as the only
  religion of the State, to the exclusion of all
  other forms of worship.
• The Roman Pontiff can, and ought to, reconcile
  himself, and come to terms with progress,
  liberalism and modern civilization

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June turns Springtime into Winter -Tom Morris

• Revolution of 1848 begins to collapse after June
  1848
• Why?
• Divided and competing Isms
• Liberals
• Bourgeoisie , students, intellectuals
• Favored constitutional monarchy, civil liberties,
  limited suffrage
• Did not understand social and economic problems
  of lower class
• afraid of lower classes
• Republican Socialists
• Working class
• Wanted employment, (socialism in some cases),
  universal suffrage (democratic republicanism)
• Nationalism
• Interlaced nationalities (minorities) feared
  being dominated by another nationality
• Serfs
• free and no longer interested in revolution
• Armies
• largely run by conservative aristocrats and
  influenced peasant soldiers

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Conservative Winter Returns

• France intervenes in Italy
• Russia intervenes in Hungary
• Hapsburg's crush Pan Slavism
• Army forced King Ferdinand to abdicate on Dec. 2,
  1848
• Had given-in to revolution
• Install Francis Joseph (R1848-1916) as Emperor of
  Austria (later Austro-Hungarian Empire

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The German Question
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German States

• Were 39 states recognized after Congress of
  Vienna
• German Confederation
• Nationalism Obstacles
• Traditions of independence
• Desire to maintain sovereignty (like US v UN)
• Large states of Prussia (from Baltic to
  Rhineland) and Austria (Motley Empire) were
  threatened by one another
• Small states maintained their independence
  through balance of power tactics
• German dualism
• Defined Polarity rivalry between Berlin and
  Vienna (Prussia and Austria)
• Which nation should lead Germany???
• Powerful Junkers enjoyed status and autonomy
  within Prussia
• were indifferent to all German dream
• Western regions perceived Prussia and uncouth and
  eastern

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Grossdeutsch v Kleindeutsch

• Most difficult question faced by the Assembly
• What is Germany?
• Did it include
• Austria
• Bohemia
• parts of Prussia, parts of Denmark
• Schleswig and Holstein
• parts of Hungary
• Moravia,
• city of Riga, Zurich, Holland
• What are the borders to be?
• Grossdeutsch (Large Germany)
• Great Germans should include Austria (except
  Hungary) and federated crown should go to
  Habsburg Monarchy
• Kleindeutsch (Small Germany)
• Little Germans said No Austria
• supported Hohenzollern Monarchy (King of Prussia
  would be King)

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An Untimely Revolution

• Frankfurt Assembly met in May 1848
• But Assembly had no real power
• No military
• No civil administration with which to take over
• It looked like the National Assembly of 1789 BUT
• there was no preexisting structure (all German
  army, civil service) to take over
• Became dependent on the support of the states it
  was trying to supersede
• Timing of the assembly is too late
• fear of social revolution is fueling reactionary
  attitudes (June Days of Paris, Chartists)
• Revolution could not be achieved without the link
  between classes
• Threat of lower class violence is needed for
  change to occur
• Middle and Lower Class need symbiotic
  relationship
• Radical Riots in Frankfurt are repressed by the
  Assembly
• Denmark attempted to take over Germanic lands
  (Schleswig-Holstein)
• Frankfurt Assembly called upon the Prussian army
  to keep the peace stop Denmark
• Afterward the Assembly is dependent on the
  Prussian (Junker-led) Army

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Berlin Failure of the Revolution in Prussia

• Prussia was illiberal but not backward
• Frederick William III and IV (1840) refused
  constitutionalism
• Gov. was not democratic but was efficient,
  progressive, and fair
• Strong educational system
• High literacy rates
• Government used mercantilist methods of planning
  the economy
• Established the tariff union Zollverein (a German
  NAFTA)
• Very nationalistically liberal (economically)
• eventually included almost all Germany
• Lists Dream

Frederick William IV of Prussia
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The Failure of the Frankfurt Assembly

• Frankfurt issued a Declaration of the Rights of
  the German People (not man)
• Modeled after American and French but only for
  Germans
• Anti-Enlightenment Tone (Herder, Hegel)
• FA finally offered the crown of Germany to
  Frederick William IV
• Accepting the crown would mean
• Internal unrest from the Junkers
• Forcing his title (Hohenzollerns) over the
  smaller states that had the real power
• Challenging Austria and the threat of war
• Accepting liberalism

To be King or not to be King?
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The Failure of Liberal Nationalism

• Fred Will IV declined saying he could not pick
  up a crown from the gutter
• If he was to be emperor it would have to come
  from the Princes
• Frankfurt Assembly dissolved
• Part of what remains calls for riots and
  elections
• Junker army moves in and the Assembly is driven
  out of Frankfurt
• Germanys Arrested Development
• Failure of German liberalism stops maturation
  process toward democracy
• Leave population susceptible to autocracy
  overly obedient

Democrats being swept out of the German lands
after the failure of the 1848 revolutions.
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The Prussian Constitution of 1850

• FW IV produces a constitution in order to placate
  everyone
• Remained in effect until 1918
• Single parliament for all regions in Prussia
• divided the population into 3 estates (Class)
• Wealthy (4)
• less wealthy (16)
• Poor (80)
• Resembled the Esates System of Ancien Regime
• big tax payers chose a third of members (so a few
  wealthy had as much power as hundreds)
• Controlled by east Elbian Junkers

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Constitution of 1850 Continued

• Rising industrials now share power with Junkers
• Somewhat progressive for 1850
• Outpaced by western constitutions that are more
  liberal
• Gives industrialists and large land owners a
  position of special privilege within the state

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Conclusion

• History reached its turning point and failed to
  turn A.J.P. Taylor
• The Springtime of the Peoples is crushed
• Serfdom is over but
• Romantic notions of nationalism, liberalism,
  republicanism harden into more Machiavellian,
  realistic, scientific (positivism), pragmatic
  ideology
• IE. Realpolitik
• From 1850 to 1914 nations will be united and
  nationalism will grow via conservatives
  utilization and exploitation of romanticism,
  liberalism, and republicanism