European Revolutions

1
European Revolutions

• Enduring Understandings
• The collision of social unrest and new political
  ideas can lead to revolution.
• Nationalism can act as both a unifying and
  divisive force.
• Questions
• What new ideas moved to the rest of Europe that
  helped to fuel their revolutions for political
  change?
• How did nationalism play a role in these
  revolutions.
• Agenda Warm-up complete packet page 22 and
  Venn diagram comparing Haiti, Latin America and
  Mexican Revolutions.
• Take Europe and South America Map Quizzes
• Complete p 23 about European Revolutions
• Answer questions 1 and 2 above
• Create a Venn Diagram comparing French, Western
  Hemisphere and European Revolutions how do
  these similarities illustrate the Enduring
  Understandings?

2
European Revolutions

• Enduring Understandings
• The collision of social unrest and new political
  ideas can lead to revolution.
• Nationalism can act as both a unifying and
  divisive force.
• Questions
• What new ideas moved to the rest of Europe that
  helped to fuel their revolutions for political
  change?
• How did nationalism play a role in these
  revolutions.
• Agenda Warm-up Finish p22 and then complete
  Venn diagram comparing Haiti, Latin America and
  Mexican Revolutions.
• Complete p 23 about European Revolutions
• Answer questions 1 and 2 above
• Create a Venn Diagram comparing French, Western
  Hemisphere and European Revolutions how do
  these similarities illustrate the Enduring
  Understandings?
• Go to link on pbworks review sheet and classworks
  page under unit 2 - click on wikipedia entry on
  the Arab Spring. Read the overview and
  motivations sections of the
• Identify the similarities among the revolutions
  we have studied and identify MWH historical
  connections

3
Reasons and strategies for Latin American
independence movements. Haiti Slave Rebellion
- 1791-1804

• Reasons slaves revolted
• Whites, a small minority, used brutal methods
• African slaves were politically powerless
• African slaves were terrorized
• African slaves far outnumbered whites.
• Enlightened ideas of liberty and equality

• Strategies employed to gain independence
• African priest Boukman inspired slaves to revolt
• Toussaint LOuverture became a very successful
  military and diplomatic leader by finding enemys
  weaknesses
• Dessalines became the next leader of revolution
  promoting Haitian nationalism

4
Reasons and strategies for Latin American
independence movements. South America
1814-1824

• Reasons Americans revolted
• Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality, and
  popular sovereignty
• Opposed being ruled by Napoleons brother, who
  was made the illegitimate King of Spain - 1808
• Class conflict between peninsulares and creoles
• When Spanish King returned after defeat of
  Napoleon in 1814, rebels, mainly Creoles, fought
  to become independent of Spain and
• Creoles also wanted to replace Peninsulares as
  the class with political power.

• Strategies employed by Bolivar and San Martin
• Surprise tactics by Bolivar
• San Martin forced surprise march combined with
  alliance with OHiggins
• Unity between Bolivar and San Martin
• Bolivars command of a large, very nationalistic
  motivated volunteer army.

5
Reasons and strategies for Latin American
independence movements. Mexico 1810-1821

• Importance of grito de Dolores
• Padre Miguel Hidalgo used this as a call for
  peasants to rise up against Spain
• Morelos also lost, but furthered the idea of
  Mexican independence basing it on the popular
  support for Mexicans governing Mexico (popular
  sovereignty)

• How did each racial group play a role in
  independence?
• Indios and Mestizos fought for the revolution
  they were the down-trodden underclasses
• Creoles later joined independence to maintain
  their social and economic positions as the
  wealthy landowners.

6
Similarities
Mexico
South America
Haiti

1. Social Unrest
2. Political instability in European mother country
3. Middle Class took leadership role
4. New Enlightenment ideas of equality, liberty and
   popular sovereignty
5. Abusive government
6. Use of violence, specifically well-led guerilla
   tactics
7. Growing nationalism for the colony rather than
   the European mother country

7
1. French citizens armies win their revolution
for liberty and equality

• Results, outcomes, consequences
• Rest of Europe begins to buy into French
  Revolutionary ideas about
• Equality,
• Liberty
• Popular sovereignty
• Sees success of mass action to achieve goals

8
2. Greeks revolt against Ottoman Empire

• Results, outcomes, consequences
• Europeans feel a kinship with Greeks because of
  the connection (by way of renaissance) to ancient
  Greek culture.
• Russian feel kinship with Greeks due to Eastern
  Orthodox religion
• European militaries assist Greek independence
  movement by defeating Ottoman navy.
• Greeks win their independence from Ottomans
  (conflict still exists today on Cyprus)

9
Revolutions of 1848

• A.J.P. Taylor, perhaps the first historian to
  have a genuinely popular public following due to
  his masterly presentation of historical topics on
  a dedicated TV series, in relation to the
  Germanic experience of 1848 coined the phrase
  that "history reached its turning point and
  failed to turn".
• Lewis Namier states that 1848 remains a
  seed-plot of history. It crystallized ideas and
  projected the pattern of things to come it
  determined the course of the following century.
• Poor grain harvests, the appearance of blight -
  an extremely serious disease - in potato crops,
  and generally depressed economic conditions
  across much of Europe in 1845-6 led to sharply
  rising food prices, unemployment, and a
  radicalisation of political attitudes.

10
3. Nationalist groups in Budapest, Prague and
Vienna demand independence and self-government

• Results, outcomes, consequences
• Vienna riots forced resignation of Metternich in
  Austria
• Liberal government is demanded by radicals but
  they cannot unify
• Conservative backlash against radicals results in
  the failure of the revolutions.

11
4. Charles X tries to set up absolute monarchy in
France.

• Results, outcomes, consequences
• After Louis XVIII (18th) Charles X overextends
  himself and riots break out forcing him to flee,
  ending the idea of absolutism in France (sorta)
• Louis-Philippe becomes king of a constitutional
  monarchy
• Implements some liberal reforms and rules for 18
  years.
• Becomes increasingly conservative, reacting
  violently to concerns of the working class hit
  hard by 1846-47 recession

12
5. Paris mobs overthrow monarchy of
Louis-Philippe.

• Results, outcomes, consequences
• First, led to radical-led 2nd Republic
• 2nd Republic fails within 4 years because the
  radicals begin to disagree.
• Radical disagreements end in open bloodshed
• People react to instability and chaos by
  supporting conservatives
• Who promote and then elect Louis-Napoleon
  Bonaparte

13
6. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte is elected president
of France and later assumes title of Emperor
Napoleon III

• Results, outcomes, consequences
• Prosperity and peace occurs under the strong
  centralized, but enlightened control of Napoleon
  III
• Reform plans include
• Building bridges and roads
• Railroads
• Schools
• Modernized Paris
• And promoted industrialization

14
7. Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the
Ottoman Empire during Crimean War

• Results, outcomes, consequences
• Russia is defeated due to lack of
  industrialization and transportation capabilities
• Alexander II (who succeeded Nicholas as Czar)
  plans to rapidly modernize and industrialize

15
8. Alexander II issues the Edict of Emancipation

• Results, outcomes, consequences
• Serfdom technically ends in Russia
• Serf no are no longer legally tied to the land.
• Peasant communities now own the land. BUT
• Peasants have to work to pay off the land, by
  paying the Czar. Essentially they are tied to
  the land through debt.

16
Similarities
French
European
Western hemisphere

1. Social Unrest
2. Political instability
3. Middle Class took leadership role
4. New Enlightenment ideas of equality, liberty and
   popular sovereignty
5. Food and/or economic crisis
6. Use of violence,
7. Growing nationalism

17
Research revolutions today produce a brief
powerpoint to illustrate the comparisons to the
19th century Latin American Revolutions

1. Tunisia
2. Egypt
3. Bahrain
4. Syria
5. Libya
6. Algeria

• Compare the
• Participants
• Methods
• Reasons
• Govt reaction
• Results
• To the Latin American revolutions in the 19th
  century