Diversity of Life: Introduction to Biological Classification

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Diversity of Life Introduction to
Biological Classification

• By Deanne Erdmann, MS

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Why Do We Classify Organisms?

• Biologists group organisms to represent
  similarities and proposed relationships.
• Classification systems change with expanding
  knowledge about new and well-known organisms.

Tacitus bellus
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History of the Kingdom System

• http//earthlingnature.wordpress.com/2011/12/05/a-
  brief-history-of-the-kingdoms-of-life/

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Classification

• Binomial Nomenclature
• Two part name (Genus, species)
• Hierarchical Classification
• Seven Taxonomic Categories
• Systematics
• Study of the evolution of biological diversity

Leucaena leucocephala Lead tree
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Binomial Nomenclature

• Carolus von Linnaeus
• Two-word naming system
• Genus
• Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized
• Species
• Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized

Carolus von Linnaeus(1707-1778) Swedish
scientist who laid the foundation for modern
taxonomy
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Hierarchical Classification

• Taxonomic categories
• Kingdom King
• Phylum Philip
• Class Came
• Order Over
• Family For
• Genus Good
• Species Soup

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Kingdoms and Domains
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
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SystematicsEvolutionary Classification of
Organisms

• Systematics is the study of the evolution of
  biological diversity, and combines data from the
  following areas.
• Fossil record
• Comparative homologies
• Cladistics
• Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms
• Molecular clocks

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Taxonomic Diagrams
Mammals
Turtles
Lizards and Snakes
Crocodiles
Birds
Mammals
Turtles
Lizards and Snakes
Crocodiles
Birds
Cladogram
PhylogeneticTree
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http//evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/p
hylogenetics_02
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Dichotomous Keys Identify Organisms

• Dichotomous keys versus evolutionary
  classification
• Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting
  descriptions.
• After each description, the key directs the user
  to another pair of descriptions or identifies the
  organism.
• Example 1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2 b)
  Is the leaf compound? Go to 3
• 2. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to
  4 b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5

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Dichotomous key

• http//www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_09/resources
  /htmls/animated_biology/unit7/bio_ch21_0657_ab_tre
  e.html

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Plant Phyla

• bryophyta
• Filicinophyta
• Coniferophyta
• Angiospermophyta

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Bryophyta (bryo- moss)

• mosses, liverworts and hornworts
• stems radial symmetry (mosses)
• stems bilateral symmetry (liverworts), no lignin
• no true leaves or roots
• no cuticle.
• reproductive structure are called sporangium
  which are on long stalks with capsules on end. In
  this image the spore is released from the
  sporangium to develop into another plant.

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Filicinophyta (ferns)

• leaves
• roots non woody stems
• divided leaves
• height up to 20 m
• reproduction sporangia (sori) contain
  reproductive spores

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Coniferophytes (conifers and pines)

• trees (100m), shrubs,
• woody (lignin) stems,
• waxy narrow needle like leaves.
• vascular system (tracheids)
• reproduction monoecious, microsporophylls (male)
  non motile gametes often with air bladders for
  water/ air dispersal. macrosporophylls (female)
  ovule on cone scale

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Angiospermophyta (flowering plants and grasses)

• roots
• stems
• leaves.
• vascular bundles (xylem/ phloem )
• waxy cuticle,
• annual or perennial up to 100m
• reproduction
• ovules in an enclosed carpel structure.
• pollen grains produced from anthers
• variety of pollen transfers vectors

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Animal Phyla (just the invertebrates for now)

• Porifera (sponges)
• Cnidaria (jellyfish)
• Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
• Annelida (segmented worms)
• Mollusca (snails, clams, octopus)
• Arthropoda (insects, crustaceans, spiders...)

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