Introduction and Basic Concepts

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Introduction and Basic Concepts
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1. Introduction

• Environmental Engineering Application of
  engineering principles to
• Planning,
• Design,
• Construction and
• Operation
• Of systems
• Two fundamental objectives
• Public health protection
• Environmental health protection
• Interdisciplinary perspectiveBiology,
  ecology,geology, chemistry

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2. Environmental Technology

• Water supply
• Sewage Water Disposal and Water Pollution Control
• Stormwater Management
• Solid and Hazardous material management
• Air Pollution Control
• Noise pollution Control
• Other Factors

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Water supply

• Examine existing system and capacity
• How to meet the federal and state standards
• CA has community planning regulation that
  requires 500 homes Enough quantity of water
  for 20 years

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Sewage Water Disposal and Water Pollution Control

• Sewage contains
• Human waste
• Wash water
• Dish water
• Chemical from industrial and commercial areas
• Microorganism that causes diseases
• Microorganisms also can cause damage to lakes and
  streams
• Issues of concern Capacity, subsurface geology,
  secondary treatment needs, Is there industrial
  waste, sludge or biosolids, sewage collection
  system, land disposal

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Stormwater Management

• Because of construction and development of
  impervious surfaces there will be need managing
  storm water
• Consequence is flooding, erosion and pollution
• Needs consideration of design storm
• Consider pre-construction level discharge
• Use of Best Management practices

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Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

• Municipal Waste handled by municipality
• Industrial waste may require special handling
• Garbage can be source of Typhus and plague
• Surface and ground water polluted with leachate
  or synthetic organic chemicals
• Burning might cause air quality problem
• Consider material recycling facility and
  processes needed (shredding, pulverizing, baling,
  composting, incineration), existence of sanitary
  landfill or suitable site
• Consider also managing commercial and industrial
  waste
• Environmental accidents

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Air and Noise Pollution

• Air pollution sources
• Fuel combustion for power generation
• Autos exhaust
• Industrial and manufacturing processes
• Environmental Impact Statement(EIS) needs to be
  prepared by an expert and must meet the standards
• Noise pollution
• Short-term Construction
• Long-term Vehicular traffic
• Also needs EIS

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Other Environmental Factors

• Ecological impacts of development
• Impact to habitats, flora and fauna
• Impacts on wetlands
• Erosion and flooding
• ISO standards development of environmental
  management systems standards

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Case Study

• Developing a Community Master Plan
• Look at the whole range of scenarios
• Meet the standards
• Use appropriate modeling tools

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Public Health

• Environmental problem as an interrelated problem
  E.g.. Acid rain
• Public Health
• Microbes (Bacteria, virus, protozoa) called
  pathogens. Not all microbes are harmful
• Communicable Diseases infectious, contagious
• Noninfectious diseases
• Occupational diseases AIDS, Hepatitis, Tetanus
• The spread of infectious diseases involves direct
  and indirect transmission.
• Involves a susceptible host, a causative agent
  sufficient to cause disease and a mode of
  transmission
• Direct intermediate transfer
• IndirectAirborne, vector-borne and Vehicle-borne

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Communicable Diseases

• Typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis,
  gastroenteritis
• Botulism, staphylococcus,
• Amoebic dysentery epidemic in Chicago in 1930s

• Two main waterborne diseases areGiardiasis and
  crypto case gastrointestinal diseases (protozoa)
  Milwaukee 1993
• Insect borne diseases like Malaria

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Noninfectious Diseases

• Lead, Hg from discarded batteries, Methyl-mercury
• Kepone pesticide
• PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) nonbidegradable in
  Hudson river
• Silent Spring
• Air pollution Asthma, Bronchitis,lung cancer
• Direct cause-effect relation is hard to prove but
  higher concentrations have caused serious problems

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Ecology

• Food Chain and metabolism
• Two principles One-way flow of energy and
  circulation of material
• Transformation is not 100 efficient
• Energy cannot be recycled and flows one-way
• However nutrients needed to sustain life are
  recycled
• Food Chain the Producers, the consumers and the
  decomposers
• Metabolism is a biological and chemical process
  to sustain life
• Photosynthesis and respiration are two
  fundamental processes
• In respiration the organic mater is metabolized

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Ecology

• Carbon cycle
• Nitrogen cycle
• Phosphorous cycle
• Stability, Diversity Succession
• Biological Monitoring
• Biomagnification
• Impact of DDT
• PCB in Hudson river
• Endangered Species Act, 1973

• Food Chain and metabolism
• Photosynthesis and respiration
• Aerobic and anaerobic Decomposition
• Biogeochemeical cycles

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Food Chain
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Photosynthesis and Respiration
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Aerobic and anaerobic Decomposition
Aerobic In presence of Oxygen Anaerobic In
absence of Oxygen Putrefaction (decomposition of
protiens) Fermentation
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Biogeochemical cycle

• Includes water and nutrient movement
• Major Nutrients N, C, O, H, S, P, Potassium,
  Calcium, Mg,
• Minor Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn

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Carbon Cycle

• Four reservoirs
• Atmospheric Co2
• Living or dead organisms
• Caco3
• Burried material

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Nitrogen Cycle
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Phosphorus Cycle
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Phosphorus Cycle
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Stability, Diversity and Succession

• Occupies a habitat and serves a function
  (ecological niche)
• Eat and be-eaten relationships
• Less diversity more stress, more diverse
  healthier
• Count no of species
• Ecosystem change over time
• Attain a climax stage

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Biological Monitoring of lakes and Streams

• Macroorganisms
• Benthic (bottom dwelling )
• Water quality controls their abundance
• Tolerant families indicate poor water quality

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Biomagnification

• Hudson river problem PCB, hotspots
• DDT accumulation

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Endangered Species Act, 1973

• Protect and restore to secure status
• List, class reclass, delist
• Provide biological opinion to fed agencies
• Oversee recovery
• Protect important habitats
• Provide grants to states

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Geology and Soils

• Types of Rocks
• Igneous,
• Sedimentary, and
• Metamorphic
• Weathering as a process in formation of soil

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Rock cycle
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Geology and Soils

• Types of Soil Gravel sand, silt, clay
• Triangular classification chart

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Geology and Soils

• Soil properties
• Porosity (air space)
• Permeability
• Infiltration
• Percolation
• Soil gradation Du D60/D10
• Soil Survey Maps Soil series, Depth to bedrock,
  depth to water table, slope, soil types, USDA
  classification system

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Historical Perspective

• Brief History civilizations developed around
  water sources, Piped water 2000 years ago.
• The link between disease and contaminated water
  known in 1800s
• First Sand filters
• Chlorination in 20th century
• Sewage collection in Chicago 1850
• Dilution as solution to pollution in first half
  of 20th century
• First sewage treatment in NJ in 1911
• Wastewater treatment was part of pollution
  control from 1950s
• Air, solid and Haz material management was a
  concern from 1970

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Historical Perspective (cont.d)

• An Era of Environmental Awareness In 1960,
  ecosystem and biosphere were emphasized, silent
  springs, NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act)
  used EIS as a planning tool, EPA created,
• EPAs role regulatory, research, assistance,
  States have their own agencies.
• Environmental Regulations
• Clean Air Act
• Clean Water Act
• CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response,
  Compensation and Liability Act)
• SDWA(Safe drinking water Act)

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Some Web Sites

• EPA
• USGS
• ENS
• Endangered Species Home page
• EnviroSources
• National Institute of Environmental Health
  Sciences
• NRCS