Classification

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Classification of Living Organisims
Classification is the grouping of objects based
on similarities.
Examine the evolutionary basis of modern
classification systems. (six kingdoms)
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Classification
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• Classification is an important process in
  understanding how organisms are related and how
  they are different.
• Taxonomy is the branch of biology that studies
  the grouping and naming of organisms.

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Aristotle
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• Ancient Greece
• Aristotle (384 BC to 322 BC) was the first to use
  a classification system.
• classified living things into two categories
  plants and animals.
• Plants -shrubs, herbs, or trees.
• Animals -according to where they lived.

His classification system was based on structural
differences that were seen.
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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
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• Swedish Botantist

Considered to be the Father of modern Taxonomy
based his classification on characteristics of
organisms that were similar.
Developed the two word system used to identify
species binomial nomenclature.
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• Linnaeus used Latin for the Names of his
  categories, because this was the language of
  educated people and not likely to change whereas
  an everyday language is likely to change.

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Binomial nomenclature
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• Because scientists speak many different languages
  and common names for organisms may vary from
  place to place, a universal system for naming
  organisms is used.
• The scientific name of an organism is based on a
  two-word system called binomial nomenclature.

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Quercus alba is the name for white oak (alba is
Latin for white) Quercus rubra is the name
for the red oak (rubra is Latin for red)
Micropterus salmoides is the name for a
largemouth bass
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Binomial nomenclature
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• The two words, genus and species, are always
  italicized (or underlined).
• The first word in a scientific name, genus, is
  always capitalized and the second word, species,
  is never capitalized.
• For example the scientific name of the largemouth
  bass would be Micropterus salmoides (or
  Micropterus salmoides).

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• In addition to (1) appearance and (2)behavior,
  (3) molecular structure (e.g., DNA) and(4)
  evolutionary relationships are also considered
  when classifying organisms.

• Organisms that share more similarities are more
  closely related and are grouped together.

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Eight levels of classification
Domain
Least alike
Most alike
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GROUP NAME ORGANISM ORGANISM ORGANISM ORGANISM ORGANISM
GROUP NAME HUMAN CHIMPANZEE HOUSE CAT LION HOUSEFLY
KINGDOM Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordate Arthropoda
CLASS Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Insect
ORDER Primates Primates Carnivora Carnivora Diptera
FAMILY Hominidae Pongidae Felidae Felidae Muscidae
GENUS Homo Pan Felis Felis Musca
SPECIES sapiens troglodytes domestica leo domestica
Scientific Name Homo sapiens Pan troglodytes Felis domestica Felis leo Musca domestica
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Example Human Classification
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Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum
Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primate
Family Hominidae Genus Homo Specific
sapiens
How would you write the scientific name?
a. homo Sapiens b. Homo sapiens c. Homo Sapiens
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KINGDOMS OF LIFE
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Six Kingdoms of Life
Plantae
Protista
Eu- Bacteria
Animalia
Archae - Bacteria
Fungi
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Three Domains and Six Kingdoms Three
Domains Bacteria- Unicellular and prokaryotic.
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic. Cell walls have
peptidoglycan. Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaea-
Unicellular and prokaryotic. Cell walls do not
have peptidoglycan. Kingdoms Archaebacteria Euka
rya- Eukaryotic Kingdoms Protista, Plantae,
Fungi, Animalia.
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Bacteria
Protista
Fungi

• Eubacteria Archaebacteria
• Prokaryotes
• Unicellular
• Heterotropic and autotrophic

• Eukaryotes
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Heterotrophic

• Eukaryotes
• Unicellular and multicellular
• Heterotropic and autotrophic

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Plantae
Animalia

• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Autotrophic

• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic

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6 Kingdoms of Life
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Evolutionary relationship between the kingdoms.
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• A tool to identify organisms is called a
  dichotomous key.
• It is made from pairs of contrasting
  characteristics (e.g., has wings/does not have
  wings).

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EOCT ALERT!!!!
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• A multicellular organism that obtains its food by
  absorbing nutrients from the soil belongs to the
  kingdom
• A Animalia
• B Fungi
• C Plantae
• D Protista

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• The study of animals is known as
• A botany
• B ecology
• C taxonomy
• D zoology

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• In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucus,
  was proclaimed Georgias state butterfly. The
  tiger swallowtail shares the most characteristics
  with members of which taxonomic level?
• A class
• B family
• C order
• D phylum

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One main difference between members of the
Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability
to A obtain energy B reproduce C move D exchange
gases
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