Lecture 5, Feminism(1)

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• Lecture 5, Feminism(1)

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Feminism

• The term feminism can be used to describe a
  political, cultural or economic movement aimed at
  establishing equal rights and legal protection
  for women. Feminism involves political, cultural
  and sociological theories, as well as
  philosophies concerned with issues of gender
  difference. It is also a movement that advocates
  gender equality for women and campaigns for
  women's rights and interests.

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  ????????????,?????????????????????????????????????
  ?
• ?????????????????????????????????????(sexuality)??
  ????????????????????????????????????(maternity
  leave)????????????????????????????

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1???????

• ??Christine de Pizan (1365c.1434)
• ????Marie de Gournay (6 October 1565, Paris - 13
  July 1645)

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Christine de Pizan (also seen as de Pisan)
(1365c.1434)

• a Venetian-born woman of the medieval era who
  strongly challenged misogyny and stereotypes
  prevalent in the male-dominated realm of the
  arts.
• ????????????

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Marie de Gournay (6 October 1565, Paris - 13 July
1645)

• was an admirer of Michel de Montaigne, who having
  read his works in her teens, travelled to meet
  him and eventually became his "fille d'alliance"
  (roughly "adopted daughter").

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2?????? First Wave

• First-wave feminism refers to an extended period
  of feminist activity during the nineteenth
  century and early twentieth century in the United
  Kingdom and the United States. Originally it
  focused on the promotion of equal contract and
  property rights for women and the opposition to
  chattel marriage and ownership of married women
  (and their children) by their husbands. However,
  by the end of the nineteenth century, activism
  focused primarily on gaining political power,
  particularly the right of women's suffrage.

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????? First Wave

• ??19??20???
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?????? Comstock laws

• The Comstock Act, (enacted March 3, 1873) was a
  United States federal law which made it illegal
  to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious"
  materials through the mail, including
  contraceptive devices and information. In
  addition to banning contraceptives, this act also
  banned the distribution of information on
  abortion for educational purposes.

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Margaret Higgins Sanger Slee

• (September 14, 1879  September 6, 1966)
• ????

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??????????1918?

• In Britain the Suffragettes and, possibly more
  effectively, the Suffragists campaigned for the
  women's vote. In 1918 the Representation of the
  People Act 1918 was passed granting the vote to
  women over the age of 30 who owned houses. In
  1928 this was extended to all women over
  twenty-one.

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?????? Representation of the People Act 1918

• All adult males gain the vote, as long as they
  are over 21 years old and are resident
  householders
• Women over 30 years old receive the vote but they
  have to be either a member or married to a member
  of the Local Government Register
• Women can enter parliament on an equal basis to
  men
• Some seats redistributed to industrial towns
• Elections to be held on a decided day each year

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??????????1919?

• On January 9, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson
  announced his support of the amendment. The next
  day, the House of Representatives narrowly passed
  the amendment, but the Senate refused to debate
  it until October. When the Senate voted on the
  amendment in October, it failed by three votes.
• On May 21, 1919, the House of Representatives
  passed the amendment by a vote of 304 to 89 and
  the Senate followed suit on June 4, by a vote of
  56 to 25.

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Nineteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution?19????

• The right of citizens of the United States to
  vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
  United States or by any State on account of sex.
  Congress shall have power to enforce this article
  by appropriate legislation.
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Woman's Christian Temperance Union

• Frances Willard

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815
October 26, 1902)

• He has usurped the prerogative of Jehovah
  himself, claiming it as his right to assign for
  her a sphere of action, when that belongs to her
  conscience and her God.
• ????????????,???????????????,?????????????????

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Women's suffragists parade down Fifth Avenue, New
York, October 1917, carrying the signatures of a
million women
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Many groups were opposed to women's suffrage at
the time.
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The 1932 Soviet poster dedicated to the 8th of
March holiday.
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3?????? Second Wave

• Second-wave feminism refers to the period of
  activity in the early 1960s and lasting through
  the late 1980s.
• the first wave focused on rights such as
  suffrage, whereas the second wave was largely
  concerned with other issues of equality, such as
  ending discrimination.

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????? Second Wave

• ??20??60-80??
• ????
• ????????

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1961,Kennedy establishes a Presidential
Commission on the Status of Women.
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Equal Pay Act of 1963
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4?????? Third Wave

• Third-wave feminism is a term identified with
  several diverse strains of feminist activity and
  study from 1990 to the present. The movement
  arose as a response to perceived possible
  failures and backlash against initiatives and
  movements created by second-wave feminism of
  c. 1960s through the 1970s.

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4?????? Third Wave

• ??20??90????
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Jennifer Baumgardner (born 1970) is an author and
third-wave feminist activist.

• The fact that feminism is no longer limited to
  arenas where we expect to see it. We're not
  doing feminism the same way that the seventies
  feminists did it being liberated doesn't mean
  copying what came before but finding one's own
  way-- a way that is genuine to one's own
  generation."
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In 1991, Anita Hill accused Clarence Thomas, a
man nominated to the United States Supreme Court,
of sexual harassment.

• Thomas denied the accusations and, after
  extensive debate, the United States Senate voted
  5248 in favor of Thomas.

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Rebecca Walker (born November 17, 1969) is an
American feminist and writer.

• published an article entitled "Becoming the Third
  Wave" in which she stated, "I am not a
  post-feminism feminist. I am the third-wave.
• ?????????,??????

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Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act

• The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act (Pub.L.
  108-105, 117 Stat. 1201, enacted November 5,
  2003, 18 U.S.C.  1531, PBA Ban) is a United
  States law prohibiting a form of late-term
  abortion that the Act calls partial-birth
  abortion.

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???????????Bitch
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???????????Whore
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Glass ceiling
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Sexual harassment
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?????????

• 1,Anarcha-feminism
• 2,Socialist and Marxist feminism
• 3,Radical feminism
• 4, Liberal feminism
• 5, Postcolonial feminism
• 6, Ecofeminism
• 7, Feminist theology

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1,???????

• Anarcha-feminism combines anarchism with
  feminism. It generally views patriarchy as a
  manifestation of involuntary hierarchy.
  Anarcha-feminists believe that the struggle
  against patriarchy is an essential part of class
  struggle, and the anarchist struggle against the
  State. In essence, the philosophy sees anarchist
  struggle as a necessary component of feminist
  struggle and vice-versa.

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Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 May 14, 1940)
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2,??????????????

• Socialist feminism is a branch of feminism that
  focuses upon both the public and private spheres
  of a woman's life and argues that liberation can
  only be achieved by working to end both the
  economic and cultural sources of women's
  oppression.

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Clara Zetkin (née Eißner 5 July 1857 - 20 June
1933)
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3,??????

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  ??????????????????????????????????,?????????????
  ???????,???????????????????,???????????????????,??
  ????????,?????????(Radical lesbians)???????????

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A protest against an adult bookstore in
Uniontown, Indiana, USA
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4,??????

• Liberal feminism asserts the equality of men and
  women through political and legal reform. It is
  an individualistic form of feminism and theory,
  which focuses on womens ability to show and
  maintain their equality through their own actions
  and choices

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John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 8 May 1873)
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5,???????

• Postcolonial feminism, sometimes also known as
  Third World feminism, is a form of feminist
  philosophy which centers around the idea that
  racism, colonialism, and the long lasting effects
  (economic, political, and cultural) of
  colonialism in the postcolonial setting, don't
  only involve non-white, non-western women.

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Taslima Nasrin (born 25 August, 1962, in
Mymensingh, Bangladesh)
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6,??????

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  ???????????????????????????????????????????,??????
  ????????????????????????????????(??????)????

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Janet Biehl (1953 - )

• She wrote and edited numerous books and articles
  that interpret and advocate the ideas of
  libertarian municipalism, social ecology and
  eco-feminism, and to this day they remain a
  strong influence on the movement.

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7,??????

• Feminist theology is a movement found in several
  religions, including Buddhism, Christianity,
  Judaism, and New Thought, to reconsider the
  traditions, practices, scriptures, and theologies
  of those religions from a feminist perspective.

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• Some of the goals of feminist theology include
  increasing the role of women among the clergy and
  religious authorities, reinterpreting
  male-dominated imagery and language about God,
  determining women's place in relation to career
  and motherhood, and studying images of women in
  the religion's sacred texts.

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Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906 December 4,
1975)
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