Arms and Disarmament

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Arms and Disarmament
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• The conventional logic underpinning normal
  practices of states and of non-state forces
  resorting to use of force to achieve political
  aims
• Peace is not always good, war is not always bad
• Just war and unjust peace
• Weapons are neutral, what matters is who uses
  them and for what purpose
• You cant obtain and secure peace and justice
  without resort to violence as the final argument
• Use of force in politics will always be with us
• The best we can do is limit it

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• The antimilitarist position
• The destructiveness of modern warfare
• Weapons of mass destruction
• In wars, most casualties are now civilian
• Use of force both by states and by non-state
  forces - is often politically counterproductive
• If we address root causes of conflict and work
  for just solutions by political means, weapons
  may not have to be used
• Peace works - if it is based on justice

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• To make the world more peaceful, it is necessary
  to change the existing social conditions which
  breed conflict and violence
• How to change it? A spectrum of proposed
  solutions
• Facilitate replacement of authoritarian regimes
  by democracies
• Promote social and economic development to
  eliminate poverty and suffering
• Strive for equality and social justice
• Replace capitalism with some form of socialism

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• While recognizing the need to address the root
  causes of conflict, antimilitarism focuses on the
  means of political struggle
• Arms buildups themselves make war more likely
• The incidence of warfare can be reduced if states
  cut their armaments to a minimum

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• The idea of disarmament
• Traditional compelling a defeated state to
  disarm
• In the 20th century a new international practice
  - mutual arms control and disarmament by
  international treaties
• Natural reaction to the Era of Global Conflict,
  which threatens the very existence of humanity
• Limit the scale of wars
• Respond to public antiwar sentiment
• Opposition to arms buildups dates back to late
  19th century

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• Lord Welby, British Secretary of the Treasury,
  March 1914
• We are in the hands of an organization of
  crooks. They are politicians, generals,
  manufacturers of armaments and journalists. All
  of them are anxious for unlimited expenditure,
  and go on inventing scares to terrify the
  public.
• Sir Edward Grey, British Foreign Secretary
• Great armaments lead inevitably to war.
• Quotes from David Cortright. Peace A History of
  Movements and Ideas. Cambridge University Press,
  2008, p.98

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• After WWI
• Covenant of the League of Nations, Article 8
• The maintenance of peace requires the reduction
  of national armaments to the lowest point
  consistent with national safety.
• 1922 the Five Power Naval Limitation Treaty,
  extended and Conferences of 1922 and 1930
• A historic precedent was set
• World Disarmament Conference of 1932 no
  success, buildup of international tensions, new
  wars

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• After WWII
• Demobilization everywhere strong desire for
  peace
• Creation of the United Nations Organization
• The Cold War generated a new arms race

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1945 Start of the Nuclear Age
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Hiroshima, Aug. 6, 1945
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Robert Oppenheimer, father of the atomic bomb
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Soviet physicist Igor Kurchatov
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Young Andrei Sakharov played a key role in the
Soviet nuclear weapons program
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Polish-born Joseph Rotblat, a Holocaust refugee,
worked in the Manhattan Project until he found
out that the bomb was needed against the Soviets,
not the Germans. He quit in protest.
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Nuclear weapons stockpiles
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1960 The biggest nuclear bomb ever built
Tsar-bomba, Big Ivan, Koozkas Mother
(from old Russian proverb, much liked by
Khrushchev Well show you Koozkas mother!
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October 1961 The worlds biggest H-bomb tested
at Novaya Zemlya Island, the Arctic, explosive
power 57 mt
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Gen. Curtis B. LeMay, Chief of the Strategic Air
Command, advocated all-out nuclear war to destroy
Soviet Union and Red China
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• Late 1950s birth of the international movement
  for nuclear disarmament
• First diplomatic moves toward arms limitation
• 1961 US and Russian diplomats design a joint
  proposal for general and complete disarmament
• 1961 The Antarctic Treaty is signed banning the
  use of Antarctica for military purposes. See the
  full text
• http//www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/
  antarctic/trty_antarctic_1961-06-23.htm

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• 1962 The Cuban Missile Crisis jolts 3 nuclear
  weapons states into joint measures to reduce the
  nuclear threat
• 1963 The first arms control treaty signed in
  Moscow. The Partial Test Ban Treaty banning
  nuclear tests on the ground, in atmosphere and in
  outer space. Underground tests remain legal. See
  the full text http//www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/li
  brary/treaties/partial-test-ban/trty_partial-test-
  ban_1963-10-10.htm

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• 1967 The Outer Space Treaty limits the use of
  outer space for military purposes -
  http//www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/
  weapons-in-space/trty_weapons-in-space_1967-10-10.
  htm
• 1970 The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. States
  without nuclear weapons agree not to acquire them
  in exchange for the commitment of nuclear-armed
  states to move towards full nuclear disarmament
  http//www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/
  non-proliferation-treaty/index.htm
• 1972 The Seabed Treaty prohibiting the
  emplacement of weapons of mass destruction on the
  seabed - http//www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/
  treaties/seabed/trty_seabed_1972-05-18.htm

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• 1972 US and USSR sign SALT-I agreements (the
  ABM Treaty and the Interim Agreement on Strategic
  Offensive Weapons). Ban on ballistic missile
  defenses and limitation of offensive nuclear
  arsenals http//www.fas.org/nuke/control/abmt/te
  xt/abm2.htm
• http//www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/
  usa-ussr/trty_us-ussr_interim-agreement-icbms_1972
  -05-26.htm

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• 1979 US and USSR sign the SALT-II Treaty to
  strengthen and finalize the provisions of SALT-I.
  But the US Senate refuses to ratify the document.
  http//www.fas.org/nuke/control/salt2/index.html

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• 1987 US and USSR sign the Intermediate Nuclear
  Forces Treaty banning all all nuclear-armed
  ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles
  with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers
  (about 300 to 3400 miles) and their
  infrastructure. The INF Treaty was the first
  nuclear arms control agreement to actually reduce
  nuclear arms, rather than establish ceilings that
  could not be exceeded. Under its provisions,
  about 2,700 nuclear weapons were destroyed.
  http//www.fas.org/nuke/control/inf/index.html

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• 1991 US and USSR sign the Strategic Arms
  Reductions Treaty (START-I), which leads to the
  reduction of the two sides strategic arsenals by
  30-40. The Treaty expires in December 2009.
• http//www.fas.org/nuke/control/start1/index.html

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• 1993 US and Russia sign the second Strategic
  Arms Reductions Treaty (START-II), providing for
  further reductions in strategic offensive
  arsenals down to 3000-3500 warheads. The
  Russian Parliament ratified the Treaty with a
  condition that the ABM Treaty of 1972 banning
  ballistic missile defenses must remain in force.
  In 2002, after President George Bush declared
  that the US was pulling out of the ABM Treaty in
  order to clear the way for the deployment of US
  ballistic missile defense systems, Russia
  withdrew from START-II.
• http//www.fas.org/nuke/control/start1/index.html

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• 2002 US and Russia sign the Moscow Treaty on
  Strategic Offensive Reductions (SORT), which will
  reduce the numbers of operationally deployed
  strategic offensive weapons of the two sides to
  1700-2200 by the year 2012. The Treaty is
  currently in force. http//www.fas.org/nuke/contro
  l/sort/fs-sort.html

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• April 2009 Presidents Obama and Medvedev
  declared that the US and Russia will move toward
  complete elimination of nuclear weapons.
  Negotiations on a new US-Russian treaty to
  further reduce their strategic nuclear arms are
  in progress. http//www.carnegieendowment.org/publ
  ications/index.cfm?faviewid24254

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• The Nuclear Weapons Archive http//nuclearweapona
  rchive.org/

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http//www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/in
ternational_security_bt/444.php?nididpnt444
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