Literary Elements

1
Literary Elements

• Note Card
• Student Project

2
Note Card Order

1. Diction
2. Details
3. Style
4. Imagery
5. Figurative Language
6. Syntax
7. Connotation
8. Metaphor
9. Denotation
10. Tone
11. Extended Metaphor
12. Implied Metaphor
13. Metonymy

3
Note Card Order Cont.

1. Paradox
2. Apostrophe
3. Oxymoron
4. Personification
5. Pun
6. Synedoche
7. Assonance
8. Simile
9. Sound Devices
10. Consonance
11. Alliteration
12. Meter
13. Onomatopoeia

4
Note Card Order Cont.

1. Rhyme
2. Rhyme Scheme
3. Iambic Rhythm
4. Archetype
5. Archetypal Setting
6. Archetypal Character
7. Heroic Journey (an Archetype)
8. Characters
9. Protagonist
10. Antagonist
11. Flat Character
12. Round Character
13. Static Character
14. Dynamic Character

5
Note Cards Cont.

1. Plot
2. Freytags Pyramid
3. Exposition
4. Inciting Incident
5. Rising Action
6. Climax
7. Falling Action
8. Denouement
9. Conflict
10. Man vs. Man
11. Man vs. Self
12. Man vs. Nature
13. Man vs. Society
14. Man vs. Machine

6
Note Cards Cont.

1. Man vs. Supernatural
2. Epiphany
3. Foil
4. Stock
5. Dialect
6. Euphemism
7. Idiom
8. Mood
9. Flashback
10. Foreshadow
11. Suspense
12. Point of View
13. Omniscient Point of View
14. Limited Point of View

7
Note Cards cont.

1. Rhetorical Shift
2. Setting
3. Theme
4. Allusion
5. Antithesis
6. Argumentation/Persuasive
7. Narrative Writing
8. Expository Writing
9. Descriptive Writing
10. Analysis (Analytical) Writing
11. Induction
12. Deduction
13. Emotional
14. Ethical

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Note Cards Cont.

1. Logical
2. Classification
3. Comparison
4. Contrast
5. Characterization
6. Direct Characterization
7. Indirect Characterization
8. Hyperbole
9. Irony
10. Dramatic Irony
11. Situational Irony
12. Verbal Irony
13. Sarcasm
14. Motif

9
Note Cards Cont.

1. Satire
2. Symbolism
3. Understatement
4. Literary Forms
5. Catharsis
6. Hamartia
7. Hubris
8. Recognition
9. Reversal
10. Parts of Speech
11. Noun
12. Pronoun
13. Verb
14. Adjective

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Note Cards Cont.

1. Adverb
2. Preposition
3. Interjection
4. Conjunction
5. Grammar Terms
6. Declarative Sentence
7. Imperative Sentence
8. Interrogative Sentence
9. Exclamatory Sentence
10. Antithetical Sentence
11. Balanced Sentence
12. Simple Sentence
13. Compound Sentence
14. Complex Sentence
15. Compound-Complex Sentence

11
Note Cards Cont.

1. Loose/Cumulative Sentence
2. Periodic Sentence
3. Syntax Techniques
4. Juxtaposition
5. Natural Sentence Order
6. Asyndeton
7. Ellipsis
8. Parallel Structure
9. Polysyndeton
10. Repetition
11. Anadiplosis
12. Anaphora
13. Epanalepsis
14. Epistrophe

12
Note Cards Cont.

1. Antimetabole
2. Inverted Sentence Order
3. Rhetorical Question
4. Rhetorical Fragment
5. Synesthesia

13
Style

• The way a person writes. (The way they arrange
  their words, sentences, and etc.)
• EXAMPLES Prelutsky always rhymes every 2nd and
  4th line.

14
Diction

• Effective and Unique Word Choice
• EXAMPLES
• about the rims
• garments black as pitch
• hurtles by

15
Imagery

• Words used to create images by appealing to our
  five senses sight, sound, touch, taste, smell
• Examples
• twisted toes sight
• piercing screech sound
• queen of doom touch
• bitter sweet taste
• unbathed bodies smell

16
Details

• Specific and descriptive information
• Examples
• The grass is green. This describes what
  specific color the grass is.
• ten twisted toes This describes how many toes
  and what they specifically look like.

17
Figurative Language

• Also called Figures of Speech
• Describes one thing in terms of something else
• Stating a comparison of two unlike things and the
  meaning is still understood
• Examples
• Its raining cats and dogs. Metaphor
• Its raining like cats and dogs. Simile
• The chair tripped the boy. Personification

18
Syntax

• Sentence Structure
• The way sentences are arranged and formed.
• The way they are put together grammatically.
• Examples
• The clean clothes are in the box.
• In the box are the clean clothes.
• The clothes, in the box, are clean.
• (Each sentence above has the same meaning, but
  each sentence is arranged different, and the
  focus of the sentence shifts with each variation.)

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Denotation

• The dictionary definition of a word
• What the word means
• Example
• Chair- something made to sit in.

20
Connotation

• The feelings/emotions associated with a word.
• The feelings and attitude of a word.
• Examples
• She is mad. (not as severe as angry)
• She is angry. (not as severe as infuriated)
• She is infuriated. (really, really, mad)
• All 3 words mean upset, but each are at a
  different level of upset.

21
Tone

• The authors attitude toward what he has written
• The way the author feels about the subject
• Example
• In the poem The Witch, Jack Prelutsky despises
  the witch.

22
Metaphor

• A comparison of 2 unlike things not using like or
  as
• Stating/implying that a thing is something it is
  not, but the meaning is understood
• Examples
• He touched her liquid hair.
• She is a bookworm.
• He is a beast.

23
Extended Metaphor

• It is a comparison of two unlike things that
  continues for several lines or sentences.
• A metaphor that continues more than one line.
• Example Bronte describes Bertha by comparing
  her to parts of animals for many sentences. He
  does this by drawing out the animal comparison to
  make sure that the reader understands that he
  really thinks that she behaves as an animal.

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Implied Metaphor

• A comparison that is not directly stated, but the
  two things being compared are understood.
• Example
• Its raining cats and dogs.
• It does not directly state that rain drops are
  cats and dogs, but we know that raindrops are
  being compared to cats and dogs.

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Apostrophe

• Form of personification in which the absent,
  dead, or inanimate are spoke to as if alive and
  present.
• Examples
• Where for art thou Romeo?
• You stupid book!

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Metonymy

• a thing or concept is not called by its own name,
  but by the name of something intimately
  associated with that thing or concept. (Meaning
  is clearly understood.)
• Examples
• The White House has called a press conference.
  (White Housepresident)
• Were not letting a skirt into our all-boys club.
  (skirt girl)

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Oxymoron

• Form of paradox that combines a pair of opposite
  terms into a single unusual expression.
• Example
• After fighting with my boyfriend, our good-bye
  was bittersweet.
• When it gets to that last mile, your muscles hurt
  so good.

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Paradox

• Occurs when the elements of a statement
  contradict each other it appears illogical, but
  it actually makes sense even if it may sound or
  seem absurd.
• Examples
• I see, said the blind man.
• All progress depends on the unreasonable man.
• What doesnt kill you makes you stronger.

29
Personification

• Type of metaphor that gives inanimate objects or
  abstract ideas human characteristics
• Giving human qualities to things not human
• Example
• The trees speak to me.
• The dog told a story with its sad eyes.
• The waves were reaching for our boats sail.

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Pun

• A play on words that are similar in sound but
  have sharply different meaning.
• Example
• JANE EYRE Eyre is pronounced err, air, or
  heirwhich plays on who her character really
  isin the novel she makes mistakes, has her head
  in the clouds, and inherits a fortune.
• Is that beetle bugging you?

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Simile

• Comparison of 2 different things or ideas using
  the words like or as
• Example
• Life is like a box of chocolates.
• She is as graceful as a swan.

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Synedoche

• Form of metaphor where a part is used to signify
  the whole thing (the special for the general or
  the general for the special, as in ten sail for
  ten ships.)
• Examples
• All hands on deck. (hands members of the crew)
• Canada played U.S. in the Olympic Hockey Finals.
  (CanadaCanadian team USAmerican team)

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Sound Devices

• Stylistic techniques that show meaning through
  sound
• Examples rhyme, assonance, consonance, and
  alliteration

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Assonance

• Repetition of vowel sounds in a series of words
• Example
• The Witch doom and broom

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Consonance

• Repetition of consonant sound in the middle or at
  the end of words
• Example
• Rain descends I lay my head on the cold drenched
  ground

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Alliteration

• Repetition of beginning consonant sounds in words
  close to each other
• Example
• Carl climbed the cart carefully.

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Meter

• The patterned arrangement of syllables by the
  stress and length of each syllable
• Example

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Onomatopoeia

• Words that mimic the sounds they describe
• Example hiss, buzz, bang, moo

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Rhyme

• Repetition of sounds in 2 or more words or
  phrases that are located close to each other
• Example The Witch
• Line 2 pitch
• Line 4 witch

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Rhyme Scheme

• The pattern of end rhymes in a poem
• Example
• a flight
• b pitch
• c broom
• b witch

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Iambic Rhythm

• The natural rhythm of the English Language
• Creates a smooth flowing feel
• Stress-unstress alternating pattern similar to a
  heartbeat

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Archetype

• A character, action or situation that is a
  pattern of human life occurring over and over
  again in literature
• Example
• On a quest
• Good versus evil
• Damsel in distress

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Archetypal Setting

• A repetitive setting repeated throughout
  literature
• Example
• The desert symbolizes spiritual sterility and
  barrenness because it lacks personal comforts and
  the necessities of life

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Archetypal Character

• Repetition of a type of character in literature
  that contains a universal human experience.
• Example
• the hag
• the naïve young man

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Heroic Journey

• Beginning as an underdog, but still able to
  overcome all odds and become victorious
• Example Cinderella, Odysseus

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Characters

• People or animals who are part of a literary work
• Example
• The Wolf in Little Red Riding Hood
• Little Red Riding Hood
• The Witch in the poem The Witch

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Protagonist

• The central character of a drama, novel, short
  story, or narrative poem
• Example Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood

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Antagonist

• The opponent of the protagonist
• Example
• Evil Step Mother, The Wolf

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Flat Character

• Emphasizing a single important trait of a
  character
• Not a well-developed character. (In film, similar
  to a movie extra.)
• Example

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Round Character

• Well developed character.
• Focus is on several aspects of the character, not
  just one thing
• Example

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Static Character

• A character that does not change over the story,
  poem, short story or passage.
• Things will happen to them, but they wont learn
  their lesson or adapt to their environment
• Example Pinnochiountil the end of the story,
  this puppet wont stop lyingnot matter the
  consequences

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Dynamic Character

• A character that changes and adapts because of
  what happens to him/her and changes to fit the
  environment
• Example
• In Out of the Dust, the main character loses her
  mother, despises her father, and is surrounded by
  dust. Instead of staying a victim, she becomes
  responsible and recovers from losing her mother.
  She learns to respect her father and her
  environment.

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PLOT

• Sequence of events in a story
• The order of events in a story

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Freytags Pyramid

• Diagram that describes a typical pattern of a
  literary work
• Has
• Exposition
• Inciting Incident
• Rising Action
• Climax
• Falling Action
• Denouement

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Exposition

• Groundwork for novel set
• Setting Introduced
• Relationship between characters introduced
• Situation prior to the conflict is introduced

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Inciting Incident

• This is the event that interrupts the
  harmony/peace of the situation or characters
• A Conflict is introduced

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Rising Action

• When the plot begins to escalatethe tension or
  events keep risingit is building everything up
  to the climax of the conflict

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Climax

• Pivotal point of the novel
• Conflict eruptsproblem explodes

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Falling Action

• Events that occur immediately after the climax
• These events give hints toward the revealing of
  the solution

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Denouement

• Problem set up by the inciting incident is
  finally resolvedunraveled and a conclusion of
  some sort is reached

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Conflict

• The problem of the story thematic problem
• Man vs. Man
• Man vs. Self
• Man vs. Nature
• Man vs. Society
• Man vs. Machine
• Man vs. Supernatural

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Man vs. Man

• Conflict where man is against man or woman
  against woman or woman against man and etc.
• Person against another person

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Man vs. Self

• Conflict where man is against himselfbattling
  doubt or his own failures and etc.
• An internal battle within a character

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Man vs. Nature

• Conflict where is against nature animals,
  weather, environmental conflicts
• Conflict against the forces of nature

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Man vs. Society

• Conflict where man is against the norms of
  society
• Example Martin Luther King and equality
  (society felt that blacks and whites should be
  separated, but he fought against those beliefs to
  help achieve equality for all)

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Man vs. Machine

• Conflict where man is battling against
  machinessuch as robots and etc.

67
Man vs. Supernatural

• Conflict where man is against God (or gods) and
  higher powers

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Epiphany

• A sudden awakening where the character moves from
  ignorance and innocence to knowledge and
  experiencethe light comes on and they finally
  know the truth
• Example

69
Foil

• A character that is used to show the qualities of
  a major characterthis character is limited in
  appearance of the story.
• For Example A rude student busts into a
  classroom where Caitlyn is quietly doing her
  workshe doesnt even look up to see him. The
  rude student leaves just as quickly, but we know
  as the audience what a determined and dedicated
  student Caitlyn is.

70
Stock

• A flat character in a standard role with standard
  traits.
• Example
• In Cinderellayou have the stock character of the
  step mother, and the stock characters of the step
  sisters.

71
Dialect

• The speech of a particular region or group that
  differs from the standard speech.
• Example
• If she bent one o the handsomest, shes noan
  faal and varry good-natured an I his een shes
  fair beautiful, onybody may see that

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Euphemism

• Using words that are less expressive or direct so
  as to not be distasteful or offensive
• Example
• Instead of saying bumyou say unemployed.

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Idiom

• An accepted phrase or expression having a meaning
  different from the literal meaning (varies from
  culture to culture)
• Example
• I was beside myself.
• You cant be beside yourself, but you know that
  it means that I was really upset.

74
Mood

• The emotional atmosphere in a literary work
• Example atmosphere in The Witch is spooky.

75
Flashback

• A scene that interrupts the action of a work so
  that the reader can see a previous event
• Going from the present (mentally) to the past

76
Foreshadow

• Use of hints and clues in a narrative to suggest
  a future action

77
Suspense

• Quality of a literary work that makes the reader
  or audience uncertain or tense about the outcome
  of events

78
Point of View

• Perspective from which a narrative is told
• Can also mean the bias of the person or thing
  through whose eyes the reader experiences the
  action
• 1st I,we
• 2nd you
• 3rd he,she,it,they,them
• Omniscient
• Limited

79
Omniscient Point of View

• Where all characters and audience are fully aware
  of all of the events
• Often referred to as the God POV

80
Limited Point of View

• Where a character or the audience has a limited
  understanding of the situation
• Position of an observer

81
Rhetorical Shift

• A change or movement results from an epiphany,
  realization/insight gained by a character, or the
  reader.

82
Setting

• Time, place, environment where the work takes
  place

83
Theme

• The universal truth (love, anger, dealing with
  loss and etc.) that is apparent and focused on
  throughout the entire worknot just one
  paragraphthat is called the main idea.

84
Allusion

• A reference to a mythological, literary or
  historical person, place or thing.
• For example if you are reading a book and it
  refers or hints at one of the gods such as
  Zeus, Poseidon and etc. then that is one example
  allusion.

85
Antithesis

• Is a contrast or opposition.
• For Example
• Two characters in a novel have complete opposite
  personalities. One aggressive and outgoing while
  the other is shy and timidthis type of character
  development is antithesis.

86
Argumentation/Persuasive

• Purpose of the writing is to convince or persuade
  an audience.
• The process used to persuade is by proving or
  refuting a point of view or issue.

87
Induction

• Type of persuasion where the author moves from
  particular things (specific ones (that one
  chicken) to general things (things grouped
  together farm animals)

88
Deduction

• Type of method to persuade where the author moves
  from the general discussion to specific details.
  This is the opposite form from Induction.

89
Emotional

• Type of persuasion where the author tries to
  convince the audience to agree by appealing to
  their heart

90
Ethical

• Type of persuasive technique where the author
  tries to convince the audience by showing that
  what he has to say is believable because the
  author is credible.

91
Logical

• Type of persuasion where the author convinces the
  author through intellectual brainthinking
  means.seeing the reasoning behind his/her
  position

92
Classification

• Type of writing style that is traditional in
  thinking
• It identifies the subject as part of a larger
  group with shared features
• Example Ask a student about teachersone will
  classify them as goodwhile the others will
  classify them as badcollectively they are
  classified the same(categorized the same as if
  teachers were one uniformed person)

93
Comparison

• Process of pointing out how something is similar
  (like) something else to show the subject/topic
  more clearly

94
Contrast

• Process of pointing out how something is
  different than something else to show the
  subject/topic more clearly

95
Characterization

• Act of creating or developing a character
  throughout a literary work

96
Direct Characterization

• Developing a character by stating directly the
  characters traits
• Example John is mean.

97
Indirect Characterization

• A characters traits are revealed through his/her
  actions, words, feelings, thoughts
• Traits are not directly stated by the author
• Example John kicked the dog, through his toy
  over the fence, and tormented the dog daily.
• BasicallyJohn is badbut it doesnt say it
  directly, but the reader fully understands his
  character.

98
Hyperbole

• A deliberate over exaggeration
• I feel 100 years old.

99
Irony

• Irony is an implied discrepancy between what is
  said and what is meant.Three kinds of irony
• 1. verbal irony is when an author says one thing
  and means something else.2. dramatic irony is
  when an audience perceives something that a
  character in the literature does not know.3.
  irony of situation is a discrepency between the
  expected result and actual results.

100
Dramatic Irony

• dramatic irony is when an audience perceives
  something that a character in the literature does
  not know.

101
Situational Irony

• irony of situation is a discrepency between the
  expected result and actual results.

102
Verbal Irony

• verbal irony is when an author says one thing and
  means something else.
• the use of words to express something other than
  and especially the opposite of the literal
  meaning

103
Sarcasm

• Verbal irony in which a person appears to be
  praising something but is actually insulting it.
  The remark may also be taunting.

104
Motif

• A pattern or strand of imagery or symbolism in a
  work of literature
• Example fire is the motif for Fahrenheit 451
• _Example you pick one

105
Satire

• Use of devices like irony, understatement, and
  exaggeration to highlight a human folly (flaw) or
  a societal problem. The purpose of satire is to
  bring the flaw to the attention of the reader in
  order that it may be addressed, remedied, or
  eradicated.

106
Symbolism

• The use of an object, person, place, or action
  that not only has a meaning in itself but also
  stands for something larger than itself, such as
  a quality, attitude, belief or value

107
Understatement

• The opposite of hyperbole it is a kind of irony
  that deliberately represents something as being
  much less than it really is

108

• LITERARY FORMS

109
CATHARSIS

• Release of emotion (pity and fear) from the
  audiences view point (perspective)
• Example In Antigone, the audience will feel
  pity for the tragic deaths and at the same time
  fear for themselves because if it could happen to
  that character then it might could happen to you

110
HAMARTIA

• It is the tragic flaw that leads to the tragic
  heros downfall
• Example In Odyssey, Odysseus holds himself
  equal to gods and it is this belief that makes
  him not be able to return home for years

111
HUBRIS

• Is arrogance before the gods
• It is when someone feels that they are so great
  and are even better than gods that this pride and
  arrogance causes their downfall

112
RECOGNITION

• This occurs right at the moment that the tragic
  hero (typically from Mythology) realizes what his
  tragic flaw is and realizes why he must die

113
REVERSAL

• Is when the opposite of what the hero intends
  to happen occurs.
• The hero intends to defeat the enemy, but instead
  is defeated by the enemy.

114

• PARTS OF SPEECH

115
NOUN

• PERSON, PLACE, THING, OR IDEA/CONCEPT
• EXAMPLES GIVE ONE OF EACH

116
PRONOUN

• TAKES THE PLACE OF A NOUN
• EXAMPLE
• FIRST PERSON LIST
• SECOND PERSON LIST
• THIRD PERSON LIST

117
VERB

• CREATES THE ACTION OF THE SENTENCECAN SOMETIMES
  BE LINKING TO THE ACTION
• EXAMPLES LIST 2 ACTION, 1 BE VERB AND 1
  LINKING VERB

118
ADJECTIVE

• DESCRIBES A NOUN OR PRONOUN
• EXAMPLES LIST 3 AND ADD THE NOUN IT
  MODIFIESUNDERLINE THE ADJECTIVE
• THE GIANT CAT JUMPED.

119
ADVERB

• DESCRIBES/MODIFIES A VERB, ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER
  ADVERB
• EXAMPLES ONE MODIFYING EACH OF THE ABOVE AND
  UNDERLINE THE ADVERB
• She quickly ran.
• The great big cow jumped.
• She real quickly ran.

120
PREPOSITION

• ADDING CLARITY TO LOCATION IT MUST MAKE SENSE BY
  FILLING IN THIS PHRASE
• ______________ THE BOX
• ANDIT ALWAYS IS FOLLOWED BY A NOUN WHICH IS
  CALLED THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION.

121
INTERJECTION

• A STATEMENT OF EXCITEMENT
• EXAMPLE WOW! OUCH!
• GIVE 2 MORE EXAMPLES

122
CONJUNCTION

• JOINS THINGS IN GRAMMAR TOGETHER
• THE CAT AND DOG FOUGHT.
• LIST 5 CONJUNCTIONS

123

• GRAMMAR TERMS

124
DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

• THIS TYPE OF SENTENCE DECLARES INFORMATION.
• IT GIVES INFORMATION AND IS INFORMING THE READER
• WRITE ONE DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

125
IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

• IT IS A COMMAND SENTENCE. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT
  YOU DO IT NOW.
• STOP RUNNING IN THE HALL.
• GIVE ONE MORE IMPERATIVE SENTENCE EXAMPLE

126
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

• IT IS A QUESTION AND MUST BE ASKING SOMETHING AND
  HAVE A QUESTION MARK AT THE END FOR PUNCTUATION.
• WRITE ONE INTERROGATIVE

127
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

• A SENTENCE THAT EXCLAIMS SOMETHING AND MUST HAVE
  AN EXPLANATION POINT!
• WRITE ONE EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

128
ANTITHETICAL SENTENCE

• CONTAINS TWO STATEMENTS THAT ARE OPPOSITE BUT
  BALANCED
• WILL PROVIDE EXAMPLES LATER. JUST WRITE THE
  ABOVE DEFINITION FOR NOW

129
BALANCED SENTENCE

• THE PHRASES OR CLAUSES BALANCE EACH OTHER BY
  FOLLOWING THE SAME STRUCTURE
• I CAME I SAW I CONQUERED.

130
SIMPLE SENTENCE

• CONTAINS ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE IT HAS ONE
  COMPLETE THOUGHT.
• WRITE ONE SIMPLE SENTENCE

131
COMPOUND SENTENCE

• TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES JOINED BY A SEMICOLON ()
  OR BY A CONJUNCTION
• (REMEMBER 2 COMPLETE THOUGHTSCAR WRECK
  DISCUSSION)

132
COMPLEX SENTENCE

• CONTAINS ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE AND ONE OR MORE
  SUBORDINATE DEPENDANT CLAUSES. THIS IS WHERE
  SEVERAL THOUGHTS ARE JOINED TOGETHER AND AT LEAST
  ONE CAN STAND BY ITSELF, WHILE AT LEAST ONE CANT
  STAND ALONE.
• WRITE A COMPLEX SENTENCE.

133
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

• CONTAINS 2 OR MORE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES (LIKE THE
  COMPOUND SENTENCE) AND AT LEAST ONE DEPENDENT
  CLAUSE. IT HAS 2 COMPLETE THOUGHTS AND ONE
  PARTIAL THOUGHT ALL IN ONE SENTENCE.
• WRITE ONE COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

134
LOOSE/CUMULATIVE SENTENCE

• MAIN CLAUSE IS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE
• EXAMPLE A RUDE NOISE ERUPTED IN THE CAR FROM
  GARRET.

135
PERIODIC SENTENCE

• THE MAIN CLAUSE IS AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE
• IN THE CAR, GARRET RELEASED A RUDE NOISE.

136
Syntax Techniques
137
Juxtaposition

• Where normally unassociated ideas, words, or
  phrases are place next to one another, often
  creating an effect of surprise and wit.
• Example will be given later in the year from a
  source we read in class

138
Natural Sentence Order

• Basically, the natural order of language/speech
  The subject comes before the predicate (verb).
• No Example This is just F.Y.I.

139
Asyndeton

• A deliberate omission of conjunctions in a series
  of related clausesits purpose is to speed the
  pace of the sentence.
• Example Her relatives encouraged me
  competitors piqued me she allured me a marriage
  was achieved almost before I knew where I was.
  (from novel Jane Eyre)
• This use of asyndeton represents the whirlwind
  that this character felt.

140
Ellipsis

• The deliberate omission of a word or words that
  are readily implied by the context it creates an
  elegant or daring economy of words

141
Parallel Structure

• Similarities in structure of a sentence, phrases,
  words, or clauses
• Example the burden carried, the want provided,
  the will granted
• Grammatical structure is the same article,
  subject, verb

142
Polysyndeton

• The deliberate use of many conjunctions for
  special emphasis
• Purpose is to highlight quantity or mass of
  detail or to create a flowing, continuous
  sentence patternit SLOWS the pace of the
  sentence
• Example I had school rules, and school duties,
  and school habits, and school notions, and school
  faces, and school preferences.

143
Repetition

• Words, sounds and ideas are used more than once
  to enhance rhythm and to create emphasis
• Example all his sisters proudness, all his
  mothers aversion, all his servants

144
Anadiplosis

• The repetition of the last word in one clause at
  the beginning of the following clause (it ties
  sentence to its surrounding)
• Example She had great passion. This passion
  professed to return.

145
Anaphora

• Is the repetition of the same word or group of
  words at the beginning of successive clauses it
  helps to establish a strong rhythm and produces a
  powerful emotional effect.
• Example What a great nose! What a great mouth!
  What great eyes!

146
Epanalepsis

• The repetition at the end of a clause of the word
  that occurred at the beginning of the clause
• It tends to make the sentence or clause in which
  it occurs stand apart from its surroundings
• Example Breakfast was over, and none had
  breakfasted

147
Epistrophe

• Is the repetition of the same word or group of
  words at the ends of successive clauses it sets
  up a pronounced rhythm and gains a special
  emphasis both by repeating the word and by
  putting the word in the final position
• Example Genius is self-conscience I cannot
  tell whether she was a genius, but she was
  self-conscience-remarkable self-conscious indeed.

148
Antimetabole

• Reversal sentence strategy in which the
  arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a
  reversal of the first it adds power through its
  inversion repetition
• Example And if God had gifted me with some
  beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as
  hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to
  leave you

149
Inverted Order of a Sentence

• Involves constructing a sentence so the predicate
  comes before the subject
• Long did the hours seem while I waited the
  departure of the company.
• Attention is on LONG before stating what actually
  seemed Longthe hours.

150
Rhetorical Question

• Is a question that requires no answer. It is
  used to draw attention to a point
• Do you REALLY want me to Answer that?

151
Rhetorical Fragment

• A sentence fragment used deliberately for a
  persuasive purpose or to create a desired effect.
• Example How dare I? Because it is the truth.

152
Synesthesia

• A condition in which one type of stimulation
  evokes the sensation of another, as when the
  hearing of a sound produces the visualization of
  a color. (noun)
• The description of one kind of sense impression
  by using words that normally describe another.
  (adjective)
• Example smell --gt taste a sour smell vision
  --gt touch humid green hearing --gt taste the
  bitter chuckles hearing --gt touch a sharp crack
  hearing --gt touch a heavy explosion