Chapter 21 Revolutions in Europe and Latin America

1
Chapter 21Revolutions in Europe and Latin America

• By Zarela Zachariah

2
1790 - 1848

• With the Congress of Vienna, the great powers
  wanted to return to how things were before 1789,
  but that didnt happen. In the early 1800s, one
  uprising after another swept across Western
  Europe and Latin America. They were caused by the
  political ideas of the French Revolution,
  American Revolution and the economic problems of
  the Industrial Revolution.

3
Conservatives

• Conservatives included monarchs and their
  officials, noble landowners and church leaders.
• They supported the political and social order
  that has existed before the French Revolution and
  want to suppress revolutionary ideas.
• Conservatives believed that change must come
  slowly.
• They supported a social hierarchy, wanted to
  restore royal families to the thrones, and backed
  an established church.
• They believed that natural rights and
  constitutional government will only lead to
  problems like it had in France in 1789.

4
Liberals

• Liberals included the business owners, bankers,
  lawyers, politicians, writers, and others who
  helped to shape public opinion.
• Liberals were inspired by the Enlightenment and
  the French Revolution.
• They wanted the government to be based on written
  constitutions and separation of powers.
• They defended the natural rights of individuals
  to liberty, equality, and property.
• Liberals wanted rulers to be elected by the
  people.
• They favored a republican form of government over
  a monarchy.
• They later supported the principle of universal
  manhood suffrage or giving all adult men the
  right to vote.
• Liberal supported the laissez-faire economics of
  Adam Smith and David Ricardo. They saw the free
  market as an opportunity for capitalist to
  succeed.
• They spoke out against divine right monarchy, old
  aristocracy, and established churches.

5
Nationalists

• For many centuries, European rulers had exchanged
  territories and people. As a result of that, many
  empires had people with different nationalities.
• Nationalists leaders tried to unite and win
  independence for each group.
• Nationalism gave people with a common heritage a
  sense of identity and the goal of creating their
  own homeland.
• It often bred intolerance, and led to persecution
  of other ethic or national groups.

6
Revolts Against the Old Order

• By the ideas of liberalism and nationalism,
  revolutionaries fought against the old order.
• Independence for Serbia
• From 1804 to 1813, a Serb leader, Karageorge led
  a guerrilla war against the Ottomans, but it was
  unsuccessful. In 1815, Milos Obrenovic led the
  Serbs to a successful rebellion. They were
  successful because they went to Russia for help.
  By 1830 with the help from Russia, they won self
  rule.
• Independence for Greece
• In 1821, the Greeks revolted against the
  Ottomans. They got help from Britain, France, and
  conservative Russia. By 1830, Greece was
  independent. The European powers pressured the
  Greeks to have a German king. It was a move to
  show that they dont support revolution.

7
The French Revolution of 1830

• The Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to
  the French throne. He issued the Charter of
  French Liberties. It created a two house
  legislature and allowed limited freedom of the
  press, but the king had much of the power. His
  efforts satisfied few people.
• In 1824, Louis XVIII died and his brother Charles
  X inherited the throne. Being a strong believer
  in absolutism, he rejected the charter. In 1830
  of July, he suspended the legislature, limited
  the right to vote, and restricted the press. This
  angered many liberals and radicals and they
  revolted. Frightened, Charles X abdicated and
  fled to England.
• Now, the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of
  the French legislature, chose Louis Philippe. He
  was a cousin of Charles X and had supported the
  revolution of 1789 in his youth. He was called
  citizen king because he owned his throne to the
  people. Under him, the upper bourgeoisie
  prospered. He extended suffrage to only the
  wealthy citizens. His other policies favored the
  middle class at the expense of the workers.

8
The French Revolution of 1848

• In the 1840s, discontent grew and led to a
  recession. Many people lost their jobs. Poor
  harvest caused bread prices to rise and people
  started to revolt.
• In February 1848, when the government started to
  silence the critics and prevent public meeting,
  the people began to rebel. As this spread, Louis
  Philippe abdicated. This was the beginning of the
  Second Republic. Many differences divided the new
  government.
• By June, the upper and middle class interest had
  control of the government. They shut down the
  national workshops that provided jobs for the
  unemployed. Then the workers fought against the
  bourgeoisie until they were stopped by the
  government. This caused the bourgeoisie to fear
  and distrust the workers while the workers hated
  the bourgeoisie.
• By the end of 1848, the National Assembly created
  a constitution with a strong president and a one
  house legislature. All adult men can now vote.
  Louis Napoleon became the president through the
  election. In 1852, he called himself emperor,
  Nicholas III, thus ending the Second Republic. He
  wanted to set up the Second Empire. The people
  thought that he would restore Frances glory
  days.

9
The Spread of Revolution

• Both revolts in Paris in 1830 and 1848 inspired
  uprisings to break out in Europe. Most uprisings
  were stopped by military forces, but some rebels
  did win changes in the government.
• Belgium
• In 1815, the Congress of Vienna had united the
  Austrian Netherlands (present day Belgium) and
  the Kingdom of Holland under the Dutch king. The
  Belgians hated this. The Belgians were Catholic
  and their economy was based on manufacture. The
  Dutch were Protestant and based their economy on
  trade. The Paris uprising encouraged Charles X to
  led a revolt. The Dutch king looked to other
  European powers for help. Britain and France
  helped Belgium because they would benefit from
  the separation. Austria, Russia, and Prussia were
  busy with the revolts in their land. So in 1831,
  Belgium became a independent state with a liberal
  constitution.
• Poland
• The Congress of Vienna handed most of Poland to
  Russia. In 1830, nationalists led an uprising,
  but failed to gain widespread support. They were
  crushed by the Russian force and failed to win
  independence.

10
1848 Another Wave of Rebellion

• In the Austrian empire, a revolt broke out in
  Vienna by surprise. Metternich, who ruled Austria
  for more than 30 years, tried to stop the revolt,
  but failed. He then resigned and fled the
  country.
• Hungarian nationalist led by Louis Kossuth
  demanded an independent government, end to
  serfdom, and a written constitution to protect
  basic rights. The Czechs also made similar
  demands. The Austrian government agreed to them.
  Later with the help of Russia, they regain these
  places
• back.
• Nationalist in the Italian states wanted to be
  independent from the Austrian Hapsburgs. From
  Venice to Naples, the Italians set up independent
  republics. They even expelled the pope from Rome.
  Then the Austrian troops got rid of the new
  republics and the French restored the pope back
  in Rome.
• Throughout 1848, delegates from the German states
  met in the Frankfort Assembly to create a
  constitution for Germany as a whole. They offered
  the crown to Frederick William IV of Prussia, but
  he rejected it. By early 1849, the assembly
  dissolved due to the threats from the Prussian
  military.

11
Discontent in Latin America

• Peninsulares, Spanish born, dominated Latin
  American political and social life. They hold top
  jobs in the government and the Church. Creoles
  are European descended Latin Americans who owned
  haciendas, ranches, and mines. The resented their
  second class status. Mestizos are people of
  Native American and European descend. Mulattoes
  are people of African and European descend. They
  are angry at being denied status, wealth and
  power. Each class feared and distrusted each
  other, but worked together against the Spanish.
  When they got independence, the creoles dominated
  the government.
• Napoleons invasion of Spain in 1808, started the
  widespread rebellion on Latin America. Napoleon
  threw out the Spanish king and replaced him with
  his brother, Joseph. Leaders in Latin America saw
  Spains weakness and demanded for independence.

12
Haitis Struggle for Independence

• Haiti was Frances most valued possession. Many
  slaves were overworked and underfed in sugar
  plantations owned by the French planters.
• In the 1790s revolutionaries debated to end
  slavery in the West Indies, but didnt help to
  free the enslaved Haitians. So Haitis slaves
  revolt in 1791. They were led by Toussaint
  LOuverture, a self educated former slave. The
  struggle was long and complex. It took more lives
  than any other revolution in the Americas. By
  1798, the rebels achieved their goal. Even though
  Haiti was still a French colony, Toussaints
  force controlled most of the island.
• In France, Napoleon Bonaparte came into power. In
  1802, he sent an army to reconquer Haiti.
  Toussaint then told the Haitians to fight for
  full independence. They were aided by the yellow
  fever. In April 1802, the French agreed to a
  truce. After that, the French captures Toussaint
  and he later dies. In 1804, Haitians leaders
  declared independence. Napoleons army had left
  due to the yellow fever. For years, rival
  Haitians leaders fought for power. In 1820, Haiti
  became a republic.

13
Independence for Mexico and Central America

• In 1810, a Creole priest in Mexico, Father Miguel
  Hidalgo, called the Mexicans to fight for
  independence and liberty. Few creoles supported
  him. Later Hidalgo was captured and executed and
  his followers scattered.
• Father Jose Morelos, a Mestizo priest, called for
  social and political reforms. For 4 years, he led
  the rebels, but in 1815 he was captured and shot
  to death.
• In 1820 in Spain, liberals forced the king to
  issue a constitution. Agustin de Iturbide, a
  conservative Creole in Mexico, feared that the
  new Spanish government might impose liberal
  reforms on the colonies. Backed by the creoles,
  mestizos, and Native Americans, he overthrew the
  Spanish viceroy in 1821. Mexico was now
  independent. Iturbide took the title Emperor
  Agustin I, but liberal Mexicans threw the monarch
  and set up the Republic of Mexico. The lives of
  most people changed a little even after the
  revolution.
• In the early 1820, Spanish-ruled land in Central
  America declared independence. Iturbide tried to
  add them into his empire, but he was overthrown.
  The Central American leaders set up the United
  Provinces of Central America, however it was
  short lived. It was then separated into
  Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and
  Costa Rica. These new nations faced many social
  and economic problems.

14
Independence in South America

• The strongest challenge to Spanish rule by Native
  Americans was the revolt led by Tupac Amaru. Even
  though he was captured, the revolt did have some
  positive effects. The Spanish king eventually
  abolished the brutal system of forced Indian
  labor.
• In 1810, Simon Bolivar led an uprising that
  established a republic in Venezuela, but it was
  toppled by the conservative forces. In August
  1819, he marched and took Bogoto, the capital of
  the viceroyalty of New Granada (present day
  Colombia). By 1821, he had finally freed Caracas,
  Venezuela. He was called The Liberator. San
  Martin, a Creole, help free Argentina from Spain
  in 1816. After that, he defeated the Spanish in
  Chile and went into Peru. In 1822, Bolivars
  forces won the final victories against Spain.
  Bolivar wanted to then united the lands into a
  single nation called Gran Colombia, which didnt
  work out.
• When Napoleons armies conquered Portugal, the
  Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil. There the
  king introduced many reforms. When the king went
  back to Portugal, he left his son, Dom Pedro in
  charge. In 1822, he became the emperor of the
  independent Brazil. He accepted a constitution
  and an elected legislature. Brazil remained a
  monarchy until 1889, when social and political
  turmoil led it to become a republic.

15
Questions

• 1.) Which of these situations was the
  direct result of the other three?
• A. nations of Latin America won independence
• B. revolutions occurred in North America and
  France
• C. the Napoleonic wars weakened Spains power
• D. creoles and mestizos became discontented with
  Spanish rule
• 2.) During the early 1800s, which was a major
  influence on the struggle for political
  independence
• in Latin America?A. poor conditions in
  urban centers in Latin America B. the American
  and French Revolutions C. the desire of the
  Roman Catholic Church in Latin America to escape
  European control D. demands by Latin American
  workers to own their own factories
• 3.) One similarity in the leadership
  of Latin Americas of San Martin, and Toussaint
  lOuverture, was
• that each leader
• A. opposed United States intervention in Haiti
• B. led a struggle to gain freedom for the
  people of his nation
• C. opposed membership of his nation in the
  League of Nations
• D. established an absolute monarchy in his
  nation

16
Questions

• 4.) Which social class controlled most of the
  political, economic and social power in colonial
  Latin America?
• A. peninsulares
• B. mestizos
• C. creoles
• D. native people
• 5.) The French people voted for Louis Napoleon
  because they hoped he would
• A. restore Louis XVI to power
• B. adopt the ideas of the Protestant
  Reformation
• C. restore France to the glory days of
  Napoleon Bonaparte
• D. end British control of France

17
Answers

• 1.) A
• 2.) B
• 3.) B
• 4.) A
• 5.) C