The Colonies Become New Nations

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The Colonies Become New Nations
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Collapse of European Imperialism

• Non-Western Nationalism

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INDIA
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• Since the 1700s, the British had maintained
  control of the Indian subcontinent.
• INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS-In 1885, nationalist
  leaders in India formed the Indian National
  Congress, which became known as the Congress
  Party.

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• This group was made up mainly of Hindu
  professionals and business leaders.
• This Congress Party called for equal
  opportunities for Indians to serve in government
  and for western-style democracy.

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• MUSLIM LEAGUE-Initially, Muslims and Hindus
  cooperated in their campaign for self-rule.
• However, Muslims soon grew distrustful of the
  Hindu dominated Indian National Congress.
• In 1906, Muslim leaders formed the Muslim League
  to protect their own rights and interests.

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TURKEY
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• In the 1800s, the multinational Ottoman Empire
  (present day Turkey) faced challenges from the
  various ethnic groups in the empire.
• YOUNG TURKS-A group of liberals in the 1890s
  established a movement called the Young Turks.
• This group wanted to strengthen the Ottoman
  Empire and end the threat of western imperialism.

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• In 1908, they overthrew the sultan and took
  control of the government.

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India-Independence Partition
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• Indian nationalists had been demanding
  independence since the 1800s.
• Indians were angered when, during World War II,
  the British put off granting them independence
  but expected them to support Britain in the war.

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Mohandas Gandhi

• A leader named Mohandas Gandhi headed the Indian
  Nationalist Movement, seeking independence from
  British imperialism.
• He taught nonviolent resistance and civil
  disobedience (the refusal to obey unjust laws),
  rather than bloodshed, were the way to win
  rights.

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• He used tactics such as boycotting, or refusing
  to buy, British goods.
• Finally, in 1947, Britain granted independence to
  India.

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Muslim and Hindu Conflicts

• In India, Hindus were the majority and Muslims
  were the minority.
• In 1947, British officials drew borders that
  created Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. The
  partition, or division, of India did not bring
  peace.

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• Independence set off mass migrations of Muslims
  fleeing India and Hindus fleeing Pakistan.
• Millions were killed crossing the borders.
• Gandhi tried to ease these tensions but a Hindu
  fanatic assassinated him during the process.

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• Tensions between Hindus and Muslims still exist
  and continue to erupt into violence today over
  border disputes.

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Status of the Caste System

• The Caste System, a system of social
  stratification, has been a part of Indian life
  for more than 2,000 years.
• In the 1900s, the system underwent change.

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• Mohandas Gandhi campaigned to end the harsh
  treatment of the caste called Untouchables.
• The Indian constitution of 1950 banned
  discrimination against Untouchables.
• The government set aside jobs and places in
  universities for Untouchables.

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• In spite of improvements in the legal status of
  Untouchables, discrimination still exists today.
• Ultimately, the Caste System is still part of
  Indian society today, and tends to have a
  stronger effect in rural villages than in urban
  areas.

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Nonalignment

• During the Cold War, India followed a policy of
  nonalignment.
• This policy, instituted by Jawaharlal Nehru,
  (Indias 1st Prime Minister) allowed India to
  accept help from both capitalist and socialist
  nations.

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Sikh Separatism

• Sikhism is a religion that began in India in the
  1500s by blending elements of Islam and Hinduism.
• In the 1980s, there was an increased demand for
  self-rule by the Sikhs.
• The Indian Prime Minister sent in troops to put
  down this Sikh uprising.

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• Many Sikhs died as a result of this uprising and
  the Prime Minster herself was assassinated by two
  Sikhs who had served as her bodyguards.
• Continuing tension exists between Sikhs and
  Hindus today.

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African Independence Movements and Pan Africanism
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• A movement called Pan-Africanism had been
  nourishing nationalist movements in Africa since
  the 1920s.
• Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans
  and people of African descent all over the world.

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Early Independence Movements

• GHANA-former British Colony known as the Gold
  Coast which gained independence in 1957 and
  renamed Ghana.
• KENYA-former British Colony which was given
  independence in 1963.
• ALGERIA-former French Colony given independence
  in 1962 after many years of warfare.

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Economic Links with Europe

• Today, much of Africa suffers from trading
  patterns that were established during the age of
  imperialism.
• As a result, today these countries have trade
  deficits and rising debts.

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Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism

• Most of the current national boundaries in Africa
  were established during the colonial period by
  Europeans.
• These boundaries were made without consideration
  for the traditional territories of tribal and
  ethnic groups.

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• Today, therefore, loyalty to ones tribe is often
  stronger than loyalty to ones nation.

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• Nigeria is one of the many nations where
  tribalism has led to civil war.
• More than 200 ethnic groups live within the
  borders of Nigeria, as a result in 1966 a
  massacre of 20,000 took place.

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• Shortly after this massacre war broke out between
  ethnic tribes in Nigeria which ultimately
  resulted in the deaths of nearly a 1,000,000
  people.

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• In Rwanda, ethnic conflict led to genocide.
• Ethnic violence broke out between the Hutus and
  the Tutsis which resulted in the deaths of
  approximately 500,000 people in just a few months.

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African Union

• In 2002, 53 African countries formed a
  federation, the African Union (AU).
• The AUs goals include solving economic, social,
  political, and environmental problems in Africa.
• AU members deal with issues such as
  desertification, AIDS, and famine.

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• The AU also works to resolve conflicts, such as
  the situation in Darfur (2003), a region of
  western Sudan.
• Arabic militias have killed more than 200,000
  black villagers, with the quiet approval of the
  Sudanese government.
• Today, as we speak, this situation in Darfur
  continues with more than 2,000,000 villagers
  being displaced-along with rapes and the
  employment of children into the militias.

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Apartheid-Policy of Racial Separation
Segregation

• For nearly 350 years, Europeans ruled South
  Africa.
• Although South Africa won its independence in
  1910, its white citizens held all of the
  political power.
• In order to maintain this control, whites in 1948
  made official a system of apartheid, or
  separation of the races.

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• Apartheid required black Africans and other
  nonwhites to live in certain zones, the
  segregation of public facilities and
  transportation, and forbade interracial marriages.

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The Anti-Apartheid Movement

• In 1912, a political party known as the African
  Nation Congress (ANC), was organized in South
  Africa.
• The ANC used boycotts and civil disobedience to
  oppose apartheid.

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• In 1960, the police killed 69 people and wounded
  180 and the South African government outlawed the
  ANC.

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• In 1964, Nelson Mandela, an important ANC leader,
  was sentenced to life in prison.
• He became a powerful symbol of the struggle for
  freedom.

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• Desmond Tutu was a black Anglican bishop and
  civil rights leader.
• Tutu and other activists convinced foreign
  nations and businesses to limit trade and
  investment in segregated South Africa.

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• F.W. de Klerk became president of South Africa in
  1989.
• He legalized the ANC and released Mandela in
  1990.
• In 1994, South Africa held an election in which
  people of all races could vote.

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• Mandela was elected president.
• He was succeeded in 1999 by Thabo Mbeki.

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Southeast Asia

• Vietnam and Cambodia

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Vietnam

• Vietnam had been ruled by the French since the
  mid-1800s.
• Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Vietminh an alliance
  of nationalist and communist groups, declared
  Vietnam free.
• Defeated by the Vietminh, the French abandoned
  Vietnam which became divided in 1954 with a
  communist north and a non-communist south.

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The Vietnam War

• Ho Chi Minh, now leader of communist North
  Vietnam, supported the Viet Cong, a group of
  communist rebels who were trying to overthrow
  Diem, the South Vietnamese government.

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• The United States sent troops to support Diems
  government.
• The Vietnam War lasted from 1959 to 1975 when
  antiwar sentiment in the U.S. forced President
  Nixon to withdraw all American forces from
  Vietnam.

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• In 1975, Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam,
  fell and the country reunited under communist
  control.

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Cambodia

• During the Vietnam War, Cambodia served as a
  supply route for the Viet Cong and North
  Vietnamese forces.
• In 1969, American forces bombed and then invaded
  Cambodia to destroy the route.

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• After the Americans left, Cambodian communist
  guerillas, known as the Khmer Rouge, took control
  of the government.
• Under the leadership of Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge
  began a reign of terror to remove all western
  influence from Cambodia.

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• More than a million Cambodians were slaughtered
  in what became known as the Killing Fields.
• In 1979, Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia and
  occupied the country until the 1990s, when a
  settlement was negotiated to end the civil war.
• UN peacekeepers monitored elections, but some
  fighting continued.