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World at War

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Title: World at War


1
World at War
  • World War Two

2
Treaty of Versailles
  • Alsace Lorraine returned to France
  • Belgium Poland and Czechoslovakia were given
    parts of Germany.
  • all overseas colonies given to Allies (Britain,
    France, Japan)
  • Free port city of Danzig

3
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4
T.O.V. Military Gains
  • German army reduced to 100,000 troops
  • Forbidden to have air force
  • Reduce navy to 6 ships, subs to be handed over to
    Britain.
  • Admission of war guilt

5
T.O.V. Reparations
  • Germany to pay damages to France and Belgium in
    money or resources for 30 years.
  • France gets Saar coal mines for 15 years
  • Allied troops establish DMZ in the Rhineland for
    15 years.
  • League of Nations formed.

6
Nazi Party Aims
  • Nationalism
  • All Germans in a single Country
  • Destroy the Treaty of Versailles
  • Rearmament
  • Socialism
  • Workers to share in profits
  • Big companies to be taken over by state
  • Land shared for the benefit of all

7
Nazi Party Aims
  • Anti-Semitism
  • Hatred of Jews
  • Regarded as lowest race
  • Blamed for all problems
  • Remove Jews from all important positions in
    society
  • Other Aims
  • Destroy Communism
  • Strong central government
  • Increase old age pensions
  • Educate gifted children at states expense.

8
Enabling Act
  • Since Hitler had two thirds majority he passed
    this act that enabled him to pass laws without
    the Reichstag.
  • Basically made him have all the power to make
    laws. What he said went.
  • Appointed new state parliaments to pass his laws.
    Then disbanded Parliament.
  • Got rid of all unions
  • Confiscated funds and property of all the
    opposition parties sent leaders to Concentration
    camps.

9
Meine Kampf
  • Means My Struggle
  • Hitler Dictated this while in prison
  • Contains all of his ideas for Germany
  • Included his hatred of the Jewish Race and the
    superior Aryans.

10
Maginot Line
  • French built a line of defences
  • Germans went around the line of defences and
    surrounded it
  • French surrendered.
  • Germany takes Paris. French allowed to Control
    Southern France.
  • Petain becomes a puppet ruler to Hitler, does
    everything Hitler wants.

11
Miracle at Dunkirk
  • After French surrender, French and British troops
    run to the Port of Dunkirk, still in Allied
    control.
  • Britain hoped to be able to save 50,000 troops.

12
How did it work
  • Royal Air Force shot down many German bombers.
  • Hitler didnt send in tanks so he could save them
    to fight the French
  • Land was flooded around Dunkirk, not good for
    tanks.
  • Goering said the bombers would do the job.

13
Battle of BritainOperation Sealion
  • Hitler needed control of sea and air to invade
    with troops.
  • Germany uses the Luftwaffe (air force bombers) to
    destroy ships and air bases.

14
Blitz
  • Just when the British we about to lose their last
    air field Germany attacked London.
  • This was to try and get the British to surrender.
  • Revenge for British bombing of German cities.
  • Everything was targeted.

15
Blitz
  • Targeting cities did allow the British to rebuild
    the air Force.
  • Built 1836 planes in 4 months.
  • Germans were losing twice as many planes.
  • British had radar technologies
  • German Planes could not fight long as they would
    run out of fuel.

16
Operation Barbarossa
  • Hitler Knew the only way Britain could fight back
    was with help from the Soviets or the U.S.
  • Hitler attacks the Soviets because he disagreed
    with Communism.
  • Valuable resources
  • Living space for Germans (Lebensraum)

17
Operation Barbarossa Failed
  • The geography of the U.S.S.R was not suitable for
    Blitzkrieg (too big)
  • Hitler spread out his troops to attack three
    areas at the same time.
  • Winter set in and troops froze to death
  • Allies provided aid through the artic and Persia.

18
Why did Stalin Choose the Nazis
19
Nazi Soviet Pack
  • Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets on
    their side.
  • Hitler did not want a war on two fronts East
    (Soviets and West (Allies).
  • Stalin was weak after the war and purges.
  • Stalin was terrified of being overthrown. He
    killed or imprisoned 11 million people including
    army officers.

20
Nazi Soviet Pack
  • Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets on
    their side.
  • Hitler did not want a war on two fronts East
    (Soviets and West (Allies).
  • Stalin was weak after the war and Purges.
  • Stalin was terrified of being overthrown. He
    killed or imprisoned 11 million people including
    army officers.

21
What was Blitzkrieg
22
Blitzkrieg
  • German Attack Strategy
  • Based on planes and tanks
  • Bombers attacked airfields and communication
    centres
  • Limited reinforcements and defences

23
Blitzkrieg
  • Paratroopers dropped behind enemy lines
  • Captured bridges and communication towers

24
Blitzkrieg
  • Bombers attacked enemy strong points
  • Tanks broke through weakened points and
    outflanked front lines

25
Why was it effective?
  • New tactic
  • Allies prepared for trench warfare and spread
    themselves thin to cover the borders.
  • Speed of tanks allowed Germans to surround allies
    in the trench.
  • Allies were on the defensive prepared for a long
    struggle.

26
Deliverance Day (D-Day)
  • After 2 years of planning D-day is launch.
  • Allies land on the beaches of Normandy.
  • Landing spots are named Utah, Omaha for the U.S,
    Juno for Canada, Gold and Sword for British.
  • Operation code name Overlord

27
D-Day Continued
  • Airborne troops protected the flanks
  • Navy bombarded the Nazi fortifications
  • Nazis did not suspect the landing at Normandy
    allies sent a decoy invasion at Calais
  • Hitler decided to not send reinforcements to
    Normandy
  • Air force bombed Nazi comunication towers.

28
D-Day Success
  • At the end of the first day the allies controlled
    10 kms of beach.
  • Landed half a million vehicles and 4 million tons
    of supplies. (mostly U.S.)
  • August, 2 months later, Paris is liberated

29
The Cold War Communism
30
Terms Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, MarxMarxs View
on Capitalism
  • Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as a way to
    organize society fairly.
  • Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in
    society.
  • Bourgeoisie are the owners
  • Proletariat are the workers
  • These two classes will continually be in
    conflict.

31
Marxs View on Capitalism
  • Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools
    etc)
  • They also get all the profits.
  • They can reinvest the profits in the company or
    remove it and pay themselves.

32
Marxs View on Capitalism
  • Proletariat These are the workers and get paid
    a wage.
  • They get no share in Company profits.
  • At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.
  • The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the
    costs of production and pay as little as
    possible.

33
Term Dictatorship of the Proletariat
  • A dictatorship of the proletariat will be
    created to organize the country.
  • They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is
    secured from the capitalist.
  • Most Communist regimes have only achieved this.

34
PersonVladimir Lenin
  • Lenin was leader of the Communist Bolshevik
    party.
  • Aided by Germany because he wanted Russia to get
    out of the war.
  • Party increased from 26000 to 2 million
  • Created a military group called the red Guards

35
November 1917
  • Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in a
    revolution.
  • Lenin gives all land to the peasants
  • Factories are given to the workers who elect a
    committee to run them.
  • Lenin dies and Stalin takes over

36
Terms Yalta Conference
37
Yalta Conference
  • The three leaders met at Yalta, Soviet Union.
  • Germany was to be defeated and disarmed.
  • Split into four zones of occupation given to the
    Allies.

38
Yalta Conference
  • Eastern European countries were to have free
    elections.
  • The USSR was to join the war against Japan.
  • United Nations set up.
  • Germany was to pay reparations, Stalin wanted a
    large fixed sum the Allies would not agree with.

39
Term Potsdam
40
Potsdam Conference
  • Occupation zones decided.
  • Nazi party banned and were to be tried as war
    criminals.
  • For reparations each power was to collect
    industrial equipment from its zone. USSR zone
    was mostly agriculture.
  • Germans living in Poland, Hungary, and
    Czechoslovakia were to return to Germany.

41
Tensions after Potsdam
  • Truman replaced Roosevelt after his death.
  • Stalin invited non communist leaders in Poland to
    the Soviet Union and imprisoned them. Communists
    replaced them in Government.
  • Truman did not tell Stalin about plans to drop
    bomb on Japan.

42
Tensions after Potsdam
  • Truman was suspicious since USSR had the largest
    army in the world.
  • USSR was developing its own atomic Bomb.
  • Truman believed Stalin was influencing Eastern
    Europe to become communists.

43
Term Truman Doctrine
  • U.S. President Harry Truman believed that is was
    the responsibility of the U.S. to prevent the
    spread of Communism in the world.
  • Change in foreign policy from isolationism which
    was practiced throughout the two world wars.

44
UN InvolvementTerm Domino Theory
  • Truman was afraid that if Korea fell to Communism
    than so would Japan and other Capitalists
    countries. (Domino Theory).
  • 16 countries supported the UN invasion of Korea
    including Canada.
  • Truman chose General Macarthur to lead the force.

45
Korean War
46
Term 38th Parallel
  • They meet at the 38th parallel (latitude) and
    divided the country in two.

47
1st phaseTerms Macarthur, Yalu river
  • June Sept.
  • North Korea pushes the South all the way back to
    a small corner of the country called Pusan.

48
2nd phase
  • Macarthur organised a landing at Inchon.
  • Effectively surrounds N Korean troops.
  • Despite Chinas warnings they cross the 38th
    parallel.

49
3rd phase
  • US ignore China and push all the way to the Yalu
    River.
  • This borders with China.
  • Macarthur ignored Trumans orders and began to
    approach the Yalu.

50
  • China enters the war.
  • Pushes the force back past the 38th parallel.
  • Un counter Attack drives them back to the 38th
    parallel.
  • Armistice signed in 1953.

51
Rhee and Macarthur
  • Sigmund Rhee - U.S supported Leader of South
    Korea, Capitalist.
  • General Macarthur General made famous after war
    in the pacific. General in charge of the Korean
    War.

52
Cuban Missile Crisis
53
Person Fulgencio Batista
  • In 1950, Cuba was ruled by a ruthless dictator
    Fulgencio Batista.
  • He killed all opponents and used the military to
    support his rule.

54
Batista Government
  • Capitalist government.
  • Military supported by the U.S
  • He and members of his government were very rich
    while the rest of Cubans were poor.
  • Disliked Communists.

55
Batista Government
  • The capital, Havana, was treated as a playground
    for rich Americans.
  • It was controlled by American Italian Mafia
    Leader Lucky Luciano.
  • Lucky set up a cocaine operation and ran casinos.

56
Batista Government
  • Was also used to hide money from illegal
    activities in the U.S.
  • Many Americans set up factories in Cuba to take
    advantage of local resources like sugar cane and
    tobacco. Ex. Palmolive Colgate.
  • This resulted in many rich Americans and very
    poor citizens of Cuba

57
Cuban RevolutionPerson Fidel Castro
  • Fidel Castro was a lawyer and was appalled at the
    corruption for the Batista government.
  • Received support through educating the poor on
    the corruption of the government.
  • He joined forces with Che Guevara and organised
    an army which overthrew the Batista government.

58
Castro Regime
  • Castros first business was to execute all the
    corrupt government officials that abused the
    poor.
  • Then he nationalised all the foreign American
    assets.
  • Wealth was to be invested in Cuba.
  • With this money he set up free health care.

59
Term Bay of Pigs Invasion
  • Cuba has fell to Communism and Castro is allied
    with the USSR because of the trade embargo.
  • Kennedy could not have a communist ally 50 miles
    off the coast of Florida.
  • Many people who did not agree with Castro and
    Communism fled the country and became exiles.

60
Bay of Pigs 1961
  • Kennedy decided to get the CIA to train the
    exiles and plan an invasion of Cuba.
  • Exiles taking country back sounds a lot better
    than a US invasion.
  • The invasion was a great failure and Castro
    captured and jailed many of the exiles.

61
Results of Bay of Pigs 1961
  • Because of this Castro felt threatened and allied
    closure with the USSR.
  • He needed them for protection.
  • Allowed Russia to install military bases.
  • Russia began shipping weapons into Cuba.

62
Khrushchev and Gulag
  • Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union during the
    Cuban Missile Crisis.
  • Policy of Destalinisation throughout Russia and
    told of the Gulag Prisons.
  • Gulag Prisons and Labour camps Stalin created
    to deal with anyone who opposed him.

63
Détente, Hotline, MAD
  • Détente Time of peace or settling of tension
    during a conflict.
  • Hotline direct line of communication which was
    set up after the Cuban Missile crisis between the
    USSR and the USA.
  • MAD Mutually Assured Destruction Theory which
    states that if one country attacks with a Nuclear
    weapon then the other would counter, this would
    continue until both countries are destroyed.

64
Short Answer 1. Marshall Plan
  • Truman believed Communism grew in countries in
    poverty.
  • Many governments were struggling to rebuild after
    the war.
  • They realised that if they built up Europe now,
    they could have a trading partner for life and
    keep it from falling to communism.
  • Created by General George Marshall

65
Marshall Plan
  • The USA offered money, equipment and goods to
    states willing to work together to create
    recovery.
  • Included cash machinery, food and technology.
  • In return, they would agree to buy American goods
    and allow American to invest capital in their in
    their industries.

66
Results
  • 16 nations set up the Organisation for European
    Economic Cooperation.
  • In 1953 US gave 17 billion
  • Increased tensions and divide between East and
    West.
  • Stalin prevented Soviet countries from engaging
    in the plan.

67
Results
  • Stalin accused the USA of using the plan for
    their own selfish interests
  • Plan to dominate Europe and help the American
    Economy.

68
Short Answer Question2. Berlin Blockade 1948-49
69
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70
Berlin BlockadePolitical Divisions
  • After Potsdam Berlin was divided between West
    (allied controlled and East USSR controlled.
  • West was capitalist democracy and East was
    Socialist.

71
Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences
  • Allies wanted to rebuild Germany to be a strong
    country.
  • Wouldnt fall to Communism
  • Create a trading partner
  • Act as a shield against the spread of communism
    in Europe

72
Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences
  • USSR wanted a weak Germany that would be
    incapable of an attack.
  • USSR refused to let their zone trade with the
    Western allied zone (West Berlin)

73
Berlin BlockadeConflict
  • Since Berlin was in Soviet zone, they controlled
    all access to city.
  • Believed the Allies had no business in Berlin
    since it was in the Soviet zone.
  • U.S put up a military base.
  • Capitalist way of life was on show as the U.S
    tried to make their zone better.

74
Question 2 Berlin Blockade
  • In protest, Stalin decided to restrict access to
    Berlin by the Allies.
  • Hoped to get the allies to pull out of Berlin by
    starving the people.
  • Abandon plans to develop Germany
  • Eventually the people would turn to him and
    switch to Communism and create one city.

75
Berlin BlockadeWestern Options
  • Ignore and drive through Blockade.
  • Advantages 1)Show the Russians the U.S could not
    be blackmailed.
  • 2)They were the only ones with an A bomb.
  • Disadvantages 1)High risk of War
  • 2)Russian forces outnumbered U.S forces in Europe.

76
Berlin BlockadeOption 2 Pull Out of Berlin
  • Advantages
  • 1) Avoid any risk of War
  • Disadvantages
  • 1)Loss of prestige (positive reputation) for the
    Western powers.
  • 2) No one trust the Americans in the future to
    stand against Communism.

77
Berlin Blockade Option 3 Supply West Berlin by
Air
  • Advantages
  • 1)Less risk of War than option 1
  • Disadvantages
  • 1) Risky Operation 4000 tons of supplies required
    daily.
  • 2) Costly to supply by two million people by air.

78
Short Answer 3. and Terms Socialism v. Capitalism
  • Elections and more than one political party.
  • Most industry and agriculture owned by
    individuals.
  • They employ workers and keep all profits made.
  • Profits create classes of people.
  • Usually 1 party state
  • Industry and agriculture owned by the state.
    People encouraged to work for the common good.
  • Classless society with no profit making

79
Question 4. Kennedys OptionsOption 1 Do Nothing
  • He could do nothing and ignore the missiles.
  • This would have been political suicide and if the
    Russians had seen this as weakness on his part,
    they could have taken advantage of it.
  • Lose public support and be seen as a weak
    president.

80
Option 2 Invasion
  • He could order a full scale military invasion of
    Cuba.
  • This would escalate the problem as there were
    22000 Soviet troops there.
  • Heavy casualties would look bad on the
    presidency.
  • Did not know where all the sites were or if any
    were operational and would be fired before they
    were captured.

81
Option 3 - Air Strike
  • He could order an air strike against the missile
    bases only.
  • The problem again would be Russian casualties.
  • Air Force was not sure it could deliver pin-point
    bombing raids on what were relatively small
    targets.

82
Option 4 - Diplomacy
  • He could call on the Russians to remove the
    missiles explaining the damage their presence was
    doing to Russian/American relations.
  • However, the Russians were highly unlikely to
    listen to a polite request especially as they
    even refused to recognise the existence of the
    missiles at the United Nations emergency meeting
    on the matter.

83
Option 5 - Blockade
  • He could put a naval blockade around the island -
    quarantine it - and not allow any more Russian
    ships to enter Cuba.
  • This would still leave missiles on Cuba but the
    negotiations would continue in the background
    while publically Kennedy would be seen to be
    doing something specific.

84
Cuban Missile Crisis
85
Short Answer Question 5 Lenin to Stalin
  • Lenin dies from multiple strokes in 1924
  • Stalin opposed the New Economic Policy of Lenin
    as it was not Socialism.
  • A new class of rich landowners formed called
    Kulaks

86
Collectivisation
  • Stalin felt he needed to modernise and
    industrialise.
  • In order for industrialisation to occur there
    needs to be modernised farming techniques.
  • Greater yield from less work would allow farmers
    to leave land and go work in factories.
  • Modernisation meant using tractors and machines
    on large farms

87
Collectivisation
  • Stalin took control of small farms controlled by
    one family and merged them into large plots of
    land that supported many families.
  • The government then gave them tractors and seeds.

88
IndustrialisationStalins Aims
  • Security threatened from Western Nations,
    needed to modernise the Military
  • Prove Communism was right
  • Control Stalin needed to control his country so
    revolutions did not occur
  • Agriculture Needed to be able manufacture
    tractors and farm equipment

89
Term 5 Year PlansFirst plan 1928-32
  • Increase armaments (military) by mining iron,
    coal and producing steel.
  • Take over all private business
  • 1929 Stalin ordered it to be completed in 4
    years.

90
5 year Plan2nd Plan 1933 - 37
  • Concentrated on consumer goods and housing
    projects.
  • Had to be abandoned because of suspicion around
    Hitler
  • Went back to producing weapons.

91
5 Year Plan 3rd Plan
  • Focused on luxury goods such as bicycles, and
    radios that were in other industrialised
    countries.
  • Also abandoned when Hitler invaded

92
Results of 5 Year Plan
  • Output Soviet Union made huge advances to make
    it the worlds second largest industrial Power
  • New industrial centres and towns were built from
    scratch in the centre of the Union, protected
    from invasion
  • See handout

93
  • Power and transport projects were completed
    including huge hydroelectric dams
  • Urban Population increased by 29 million.

94
Stalins Dictatorship
  • Stalin used propaganda to create a cult of
    Stalin
  • He had statues and places named after him.
    (Stalingrad)
  • People had to clap when his name was mentioned in
    meetings

95
Culture and Censorship
  • Stalin reviewed every film and book written to
    make sure it promoted the country.
  • Stories had to celebrate the common working
    people and the successes of Communism
  • Anyone in violation would be sent to Labour camps
    or Gulags

96
Education
  • Children were taught that Stalin was the Great
    Leader
  • Students were taught Stalins version of History
  • Religion was banned and leaders imprisoned
  • Stalin was the only one to be worshipped.

97
Secret Police and Labour Camps
  • Stalin created and expanded his secret police
    force to search out anyone in opposition to his
    government.
  • Guilty people were sentenced to death, exile or
    hard labour.
  • Labour camps called Gulags were set up for
    prisoners.
  • Millions of people were sent to do forced labour.

98
Purges
  • Stalin was always fearful of losing power.
  • Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid of
    any opposition.
  • This also helped with labour in mines

99
Purges 1930-40
  • Managers and workers that did not meet the five
    year plans or talked bad about them
  • Kulaks that opposed collectivisation
  • 1934 Opposition party members
  • 1935 senior communists that may support Other
    leaders (Trotsky)

100
Purges
  • Ordinary citizens if someone suspected a
    neighbour of not supporting the government they
    could be arrested.
  • Children were encouraged to tell on their
    parents.
  • People tortured to confession
  • 1 million people in Moscow killed

101
Purges and Results
  • 1937 the Red Army Most senior officers and
    officials were killed or sent to Gulags.
  • Left the army unprepared against Hitlers
    invasion.
  • Executed 1 million
  • Died in Camps 2 million
  • In prison 1 million
  • Gulags 8 million
  • These are figures form one year.

102
Results Continued
  • Most of the advantages of Communism was
    nullified after this.
  • Expert scientists, administrators and Engineers
    were usually sent to Gulags or killed.
  • People would tell on each other for self
    interest.
  • Stalin even killed members of his own family.

103
The Road to WarHitlers Aims
  • Causes of WW2 Essay Question 2

104
Cause 1. Treaty of versaille Reversal of the
Treaty of Versailles
  • Never excepted treaty
  • Determined to restore German Pride
  • Intended to retrieve the lands lost in 1919
  • Build up the armed forces

105
Unite Germans
  • Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking people
  • This would create Greater Germany in one
    homeland
  • This meant the unification of Germany and Austria
    (Anschless) which was forbidden in the Treaty of
    Versailles
  • Also unite the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia

106
Lebensraum
  • Means Living space
  • For its 85 million citizens it would need more
    resources
  • Would have to invade Poland and west USSR
  • Hitler hated the Poles because they were Slavs
  • Hitler hated USSR because they were Communists

107
German Rearmament1933
  • Disarmament Conference Hitler challenged the
    other powers to disarm to his level. They
    rejected.
  • Hitler then felt justified in rearming

108
German Armed Forces
  • In 1933 Germany announced they would increase
    troops to 300,000
  • Air force to contain 1000 planes and train
    pilots.
  • 1935 Increased army to 500,000
  • Allies met to condemn German Rearmament
  • This was called the Stresa conference

109
Anglo-German Naval Treaty
  • This allowed Germany to build a Navy 1/3 the size
    of Britain and have the same number of Subs.
  • This broke the Stresa agreement.
  • Allies turned on each other.

110
2. Appeasement
  • Allies did nothing when Hitler took over the
    Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.
  • Did nothing when Hitler began rearming. Including
    the air force and navy and increasing troops from
    300,000
  • Did nothing when they allied and took over
    Austria (anchluss)
  • Hitler thought he could get away with anything
    so moved into Poland which started the war.

111
Propaganda
  • Hitler used film and control of all information
    in the country to gain the faith of his people.
    I.E. The Peoples Radio
  • He created the Hitler youth and taught them to
    worship Hitler. This would ensure future
    support.
  • Women were taught how to raise the perfect German
    child according to Hitlers vision.

112
Domestic Control
  • Hitler controlled all information in the Country.
  • Used his SS and stormtroopers to kill and bully
    any that opposed his views.
  • Burned books that spoke against him
  • Schools only taught his approved curriculum.

113
Rwanda
114
Question 12 long answer 1History
  • First colonized by Germany in 1890.
  • Germany forced to give it over to Belgium in
    Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
  • Natives made up of two ethnic groups, Tutsi and
    Hutu who lived together for 600 years.

115
Hutu Tutsi
  • Both groups spoke the same language, shared the
    same religion, and traded resources.
  • Both followed the Belgian chosen leader and
    thought he was godlike.
  • Intermarriages were common between the two.

116
Differences Hutu Tutsi
  • Physically the Tutsi were lighter skinned,
    thinner and taller than Hutus
  • Hutus were shorter and stocky, darker skinned.
  • Tutsi were cattle herders, Hutu were famers.
  • 85 of people were Hutu, 15 Tutsi
  • Large Hutu Majority.

117
Belgium Influence
  • Belgium orders the citizens to carry identity
    cards stating who was Tutsi and Hutu.
  • Belgium viewed the Tutsi as ethnically superior
    because they had lighter skin, were taller.
  • Tutsi were richer since they had cattle.
  • Gave privileged jobs and government positions to
    Tutsi.
  • This angered Hutus as they were the majority

118
Conflict
  • In 1959 Rwandan Tutsi king dies and Belgium
    installs another Tutsi king.
  • This angered Hutus and a violent revolution
    resulted.
  • Rwanda holds an referendum and vote for
    independence from Belgium.

119
Hutu Power
  • 1962 First Hutu, Gregoire Kayibanda, elected to
    power.
  • Throughout the 60s and 70s Hutus kill and
    persecute Tutsi and remove them from powerful
    jobs.
  • 2 million Tutsi fled to Uganda, Congo, Tanzania.

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  • In 1973 military coup installs Hutu General
    Habyarimana
  • He changes constitution that states Tutsi can
    only fill 9 of government positions.
  • Tutsis in Rwanda and all neighboring countries
    from the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) to fight
    for Tutsi rights.

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  • 1990 RPF in all countries invade Rwanda.
  • France and Zaire send troops to stop the invasion
    and force a cease fire in 1991.
  • Hutu Government declares Tutsis as enemy of the
    state.
  • United Nations intervenes to make sure the cease
    fire is not broken.
  • Mission is called United Nations Assistance
    Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR).

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UNAMIR
  • 2500 troops
  • 370 from Canada
  • 400 Belgium
  • 800 Ghana
  • Canadian Lieutenant General Romeo Dallaire is put
    in charge of the mission to support Arusha
    Accords cease fire.

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Ethnic Division
  • President Habyarimana takes this event to create
    a Tutsi enemy threat.
  • Gave him more support in the country.
  • Organized massacres of Tutsi and opposition
    groups.
  • Formed a youth militia called the Interahamwe
    (those that attack together).

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  • Interehamwe recruiters offered them food, drugs,
    freedom to rape, cash.
  • Encouraged them to take Tutsi possessions.

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Hutu Power Radio
  • Habyarimana also started the radio station RTLM
    also known as Hutu Power.
  • Used to spread hatred and blame the Tutsi for all
    problems.
  • Called them Inyenzi or cockroaches
  • Also spread hate against UNAMIR and Belgium.
  • In Burundi, Tutsis murdered the Hutu president
    making the Rwandans more frightened.

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Hutu Power Radio
  • Radio announces that Tutsi should exterminate
    their neighbours and take their land and
    possessions.
  • False reports of the Tutsi attacking Hutu in
    rural parts of country led by the RPF.

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Civilian Civil Defense Force
  • Habyarimana organizes another militia (Civilian
    Civil Defense Force) of ordinary citizens and
    gives them clubs and machetes.
  • It is now believed that France supplied weapons
    and training for the Interahamwe and the Civilian
    force.

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Structure
  • Habyarimana then kills all local leaders that
    does not support him and replaces them with his
    own Hutu leaders.
  • Police chiefs, Mayors, government employees all
    support killing the Tutsi.
  • They wait for the signal from the Hutu power
    radio station.

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Dallaires Cables
  • Dallaire captures shipments of weapons from
    France (in violation of Arusha Accords) destined
    for Hutu Government.
  • Meets with Interahamwe informant Jean Pierre
    who tells of weapons caches throughout Rwanda.
  • Dallaire sends cable (communication) requesting
    permission to capture weapons and is denied.
    Forced to tell Habyarimana what he knows.
  • Jean Pierre is never seen again

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Start
  • April 6th 1994 President Habyarimana is killed
    when his plane is shot down.
  • Colonel Bagosora takes charge and orders the
    military, Interahamwe, Civilian Civil Defense to
    begin extermination of the Tutsi for self
    defense.

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Strategies
  • Organised to kill 1000 every 20 minutes
  • Since Rwandans were forced to identify, Hutus
    knew where they lived.
  • Went house to house killing families.
  • Local officials order militias to create barriers
    on roads to prevent Tutsis from leaving.

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Strategies
  • Force Tutsi to go to public buildings (churches,
    schools, govt buildings) where they are massacred
    in large scale.
  • Women were raped in exchange for their life.

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Belgium Deaths
  • Once the killings started, Romeo Dallaire sent 10
    Belgium peacekeepers to protect the Prime
    Minister Agathe uwilingiyimana
  • She is killed
  • Troops are captured, tortured and killed by the
    Tutsi.

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Evacuations
  • France, Belgium, U.S send 2000 in troops and
    Military planes to evacuate its citizens in
    Rwanda, and leave.
  • Belgium removed its troops after the deaths.
  • Dallaire was left with 270 troops from Canada and
    Ghana.
  • UN ordered Dallaire to leave, he denied the
    order.

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End of Genocide
  • The genocide came to an end after the RPF invaded
    once again.
  • Estimated 800,000 Tutsi and Hutu killed in 100
    days.
  • RPF capture Kigali and form an interim government
    composed of Tutsi and Hutu.

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International Humanitarian Law
  • Geneva Conventions

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Geneva Conventions
  • Made up of 4 treaties and 3 additional protocols.
  • Ratified by 194 countries
  • Aim is to set of standard for treatment of
    victims of war.

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  • Defines rights of those captured during the war.
  • Establishing protections for the wounded
  • Addresses protections for the civilians in and
    around a war zone.

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  • Henri Dunant wrote a book (Memoir of Solferino)
    in which he proposed a permanent relief agency
    for humanitarian aid in times of war
  • A government treaty recognizing the neutrality of
    the agency and allowing it to provide aid in war
    zones.

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  • This led to the Red Cross and the Geneva
    Conventions.
  • Dunant became the first recipient of the Nobel
    Peace Prize.

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Basic Rules
  • Attacks must be limited to combatants and
    military targets
  • 1.1 Civilians may not be attacked
  • 1.2 Civilian objects (houses, hospitals, schools,
    places of worship
  • 1.3 Using civilians to shield military targets is
    prohibited

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  • 1.4 prohibited for combatants to pose as
    civilians
  • 1.5 Starvation of civilians as a method of combat
    is prohibited
  • 1.6 illegal to attack objects that are important
    to survival (farms, drinking water
  • 1.7 illegal to attack dams, dykes, nuclear power
    plants

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Indiscriminate weapons
  • 2. Attacks or weapons which indiscriminately
    strike civilian and military objects and persons,
    and which cause excessive injury or suffering are
    illegal
  • 2.1 chemical and bio weapons, blinding laser
    weapons, weapons that injure the body by
    fragments, poison, anti personnel land mines.

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Examples
  • Cluster Bombs and Land mines since they kill
    civillians and military targets.
  • Cluster bomb are canisters tat hold hundreds of
    little bombs or bomblets
  • These litter the land with unexploded bombs that
    put the lives of children and civilians at risk.

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Global Inequalities
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Developed (First World, North)
  • Wealthy countries good standard of living for
    citizens
  • Industrialized
  • Health Care
  • Education available to all people
  • Low child mortality rates (Canada 4 deaths/1000
    births)
  • High life expectancy (Canada age 79M, 81F)
  • Examples Canada, United States, Britain, France,
    Germany, Australia etc

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Developing World (Third World, South)
  • Poorest countries hunger, poverty, disease
  • Not industrialized
  • Health care is limited or non-existent
  • Limited education
  • High child mortality rates (Mozambique 199
    deaths/1000 births)
  • Low life expectancy rates (Zambia age 37)
  • Examples Ethiopia, Vietnam, Haiti, Most African
    countries etc

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Facts
  • Half the world just over 3 billion people, live
    on less than 2.00 a day.
  • The wealth of the poorest 48 countries in the
    world is less than the wealth of the worlds
    three richest people.
  • 30 million people die each year from lack of food.

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  • Every 3.6 seconds someone in the world dies of
    hunger 75 are children.
  • Worldwide 250 000 000 children are forced to
    work.
  • 40 000 children die a day from malnutrition and
    disease.

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  • 125 million children are not in school most are
    girls.
  • Over 1 million children a year will become part
    of the sex trade.

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Causes of Inequalities
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  • 1. Colonialism
  • A policy of conquering and controlling other
    countries.
  • Began in the 1500s when the nations of Europe
    established colonies in Africa, Asia and South
    America.
  • Colonies provided cheap labour and raw materials
    (minerals, diamonds, tea, sugar, rubber, etc) to
    be sold around the world for huge profits.
  • European countries soon became very rich at the
    expense of the colonies.
  • After 1945, most colonies became independent
    countries poor and underdeveloped.

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2. Neo-colonialism The Global Economy
  • Independent colonies were quickly invaded and
    controlled by multi-national corporations (MNCs)
    who set up factories or sweatshops.
  • Headquarters for these corporations are located
    in the developed countries.
  • MNCs pay factory workers very low wages for
    products sold at high prices around the world.

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  • Corporate taxes and environmental restrictions
    are avoided
  • End result
  • 1. Billions of for the MNCs
  • 2. Developing countries remain poor and
    dependant on foreign corporations

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3. Debt
  • 1970s - developing countries borrowed money from
    the richer nations
  • Agreed to pay the money back with interest
  • Due to poverty and high interest rates -
    repayment was impossible
  • For many countries, all extra money went to pay
    the debt, not towards improving the country.

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4. Corruption
  • Corrupt governments also keep developing nations
    in poverty.
  • Corrupt leaders promote their interests over the
    welfare of the people.
  • Example Zaire, 1960s President Mobutu had 11
    palaces, while his people suffered in poverty.
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