Title: World at War
1World at War
2Treaty of Versailles
- Alsace Lorraine returned to France
- Belgium Poland and Czechoslovakia were given
parts of Germany. - all overseas colonies given to Allies (Britain,
France, Japan) - Free port city of Danzig
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4T.O.V. Military Gains
- German army reduced to 100,000 troops
- Forbidden to have air force
- Reduce navy to 6 ships, subs to be handed over to
Britain. - Admission of war guilt
5T.O.V. Reparations
- Germany to pay damages to France and Belgium in
money or resources for 30 years. - France gets Saar coal mines for 15 years
- Allied troops establish DMZ in the Rhineland for
15 years. - League of Nations formed.
6Nazi Party Aims
- Nationalism
- All Germans in a single Country
- Destroy the Treaty of Versailles
- Rearmament
- Socialism
- Workers to share in profits
- Big companies to be taken over by state
- Land shared for the benefit of all
7Nazi Party Aims
- Anti-Semitism
- Hatred of Jews
- Regarded as lowest race
- Blamed for all problems
- Remove Jews from all important positions in
society
- Other Aims
- Destroy Communism
- Strong central government
- Increase old age pensions
- Educate gifted children at states expense.
8Enabling Act
- Since Hitler had two thirds majority he passed
this act that enabled him to pass laws without
the Reichstag. - Basically made him have all the power to make
laws. What he said went. - Appointed new state parliaments to pass his laws.
Then disbanded Parliament. - Got rid of all unions
- Confiscated funds and property of all the
opposition parties sent leaders to Concentration
camps.
9Meine Kampf
- Means My Struggle
- Hitler Dictated this while in prison
- Contains all of his ideas for Germany
- Included his hatred of the Jewish Race and the
superior Aryans.
10Maginot Line
- French built a line of defences
- Germans went around the line of defences and
surrounded it - French surrendered.
- Germany takes Paris. French allowed to Control
Southern France. - Petain becomes a puppet ruler to Hitler, does
everything Hitler wants.
11Miracle at Dunkirk
- After French surrender, French and British troops
run to the Port of Dunkirk, still in Allied
control. - Britain hoped to be able to save 50,000 troops.
12How did it work
- Royal Air Force shot down many German bombers.
- Hitler didnt send in tanks so he could save them
to fight the French - Land was flooded around Dunkirk, not good for
tanks. - Goering said the bombers would do the job.
13Battle of BritainOperation Sealion
- Hitler needed control of sea and air to invade
with troops. - Germany uses the Luftwaffe (air force bombers) to
destroy ships and air bases.
14Blitz
- Just when the British we about to lose their last
air field Germany attacked London. - This was to try and get the British to surrender.
- Revenge for British bombing of German cities.
- Everything was targeted.
15Blitz
- Targeting cities did allow the British to rebuild
the air Force. - Built 1836 planes in 4 months.
- Germans were losing twice as many planes.
- British had radar technologies
- German Planes could not fight long as they would
run out of fuel.
16Operation Barbarossa
- Hitler Knew the only way Britain could fight back
was with help from the Soviets or the U.S. - Hitler attacks the Soviets because he disagreed
with Communism. - Valuable resources
- Living space for Germans (Lebensraum)
17Operation Barbarossa Failed
- The geography of the U.S.S.R was not suitable for
Blitzkrieg (too big) - Hitler spread out his troops to attack three
areas at the same time. - Winter set in and troops froze to death
- Allies provided aid through the artic and Persia.
18Why did Stalin Choose the Nazis
19Nazi Soviet Pack
- Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets on
their side. - Hitler did not want a war on two fronts East
(Soviets and West (Allies). - Stalin was weak after the war and purges.
- Stalin was terrified of being overthrown. He
killed or imprisoned 11 million people including
army officers.
20Nazi Soviet Pack
- Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets on
their side. - Hitler did not want a war on two fronts East
(Soviets and West (Allies). - Stalin was weak after the war and Purges.
- Stalin was terrified of being overthrown. He
killed or imprisoned 11 million people including
army officers.
21What was Blitzkrieg
22Blitzkrieg
- German Attack Strategy
- Based on planes and tanks
- Bombers attacked airfields and communication
centres - Limited reinforcements and defences
23Blitzkrieg
- Paratroopers dropped behind enemy lines
- Captured bridges and communication towers
24Blitzkrieg
- Bombers attacked enemy strong points
- Tanks broke through weakened points and
outflanked front lines
25Why was it effective?
- New tactic
- Allies prepared for trench warfare and spread
themselves thin to cover the borders. - Speed of tanks allowed Germans to surround allies
in the trench. - Allies were on the defensive prepared for a long
struggle.
26Deliverance Day (D-Day)
- After 2 years of planning D-day is launch.
- Allies land on the beaches of Normandy.
- Landing spots are named Utah, Omaha for the U.S,
Juno for Canada, Gold and Sword for British. - Operation code name Overlord
27D-Day Continued
- Airborne troops protected the flanks
- Navy bombarded the Nazi fortifications
- Nazis did not suspect the landing at Normandy
allies sent a decoy invasion at Calais - Hitler decided to not send reinforcements to
Normandy - Air force bombed Nazi comunication towers.
28D-Day Success
- At the end of the first day the allies controlled
10 kms of beach. - Landed half a million vehicles and 4 million tons
of supplies. (mostly U.S.) - August, 2 months later, Paris is liberated
29The Cold War Communism
30Terms Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, MarxMarxs View
on Capitalism
- Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as a way to
organize society fairly. - Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in
society. - Bourgeoisie are the owners
- Proletariat are the workers
- These two classes will continually be in
conflict.
31Marxs View on Capitalism
- Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools
etc) - They also get all the profits.
- They can reinvest the profits in the company or
remove it and pay themselves.
32Marxs View on Capitalism
- Proletariat These are the workers and get paid
a wage. - They get no share in Company profits.
- At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.
- The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the
costs of production and pay as little as
possible.
33Term Dictatorship of the Proletariat
- A dictatorship of the proletariat will be
created to organize the country. - They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is
secured from the capitalist. - Most Communist regimes have only achieved this.
34PersonVladimir Lenin
- Lenin was leader of the Communist Bolshevik
party. - Aided by Germany because he wanted Russia to get
out of the war. - Party increased from 26000 to 2 million
- Created a military group called the red Guards
35November 1917
- Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in a
revolution. - Lenin gives all land to the peasants
- Factories are given to the workers who elect a
committee to run them. - Lenin dies and Stalin takes over
36Terms Yalta Conference
37Yalta Conference
- The three leaders met at Yalta, Soviet Union.
- Germany was to be defeated and disarmed.
- Split into four zones of occupation given to the
Allies.
38Yalta Conference
- Eastern European countries were to have free
elections. - The USSR was to join the war against Japan.
- United Nations set up.
- Germany was to pay reparations, Stalin wanted a
large fixed sum the Allies would not agree with.
39Term Potsdam
40Potsdam Conference
- Occupation zones decided.
- Nazi party banned and were to be tried as war
criminals. - For reparations each power was to collect
industrial equipment from its zone. USSR zone
was mostly agriculture. - Germans living in Poland, Hungary, and
Czechoslovakia were to return to Germany.
41Tensions after Potsdam
- Truman replaced Roosevelt after his death.
- Stalin invited non communist leaders in Poland to
the Soviet Union and imprisoned them. Communists
replaced them in Government. - Truman did not tell Stalin about plans to drop
bomb on Japan.
42Tensions after Potsdam
- Truman was suspicious since USSR had the largest
army in the world. - USSR was developing its own atomic Bomb.
- Truman believed Stalin was influencing Eastern
Europe to become communists.
43Term Truman Doctrine
- U.S. President Harry Truman believed that is was
the responsibility of the U.S. to prevent the
spread of Communism in the world. - Change in foreign policy from isolationism which
was practiced throughout the two world wars.
44UN InvolvementTerm Domino Theory
- Truman was afraid that if Korea fell to Communism
than so would Japan and other Capitalists
countries. (Domino Theory). - 16 countries supported the UN invasion of Korea
including Canada. - Truman chose General Macarthur to lead the force.
45Korean War
46Term 38th Parallel
- They meet at the 38th parallel (latitude) and
divided the country in two.
471st phaseTerms Macarthur, Yalu river
- June Sept.
- North Korea pushes the South all the way back to
a small corner of the country called Pusan.
482nd phase
- Macarthur organised a landing at Inchon.
- Effectively surrounds N Korean troops.
- Despite Chinas warnings they cross the 38th
parallel.
493rd phase
- US ignore China and push all the way to the Yalu
River. - This borders with China.
- Macarthur ignored Trumans orders and began to
approach the Yalu.
50- China enters the war.
- Pushes the force back past the 38th parallel.
- Un counter Attack drives them back to the 38th
parallel. - Armistice signed in 1953.
51Rhee and Macarthur
- Sigmund Rhee - U.S supported Leader of South
Korea, Capitalist. - General Macarthur General made famous after war
in the pacific. General in charge of the Korean
War.
52Cuban Missile Crisis
53Person Fulgencio Batista
- In 1950, Cuba was ruled by a ruthless dictator
Fulgencio Batista. - He killed all opponents and used the military to
support his rule.
54Batista Government
- Capitalist government.
- Military supported by the U.S
- He and members of his government were very rich
while the rest of Cubans were poor. - Disliked Communists.
55Batista Government
- The capital, Havana, was treated as a playground
for rich Americans. - It was controlled by American Italian Mafia
Leader Lucky Luciano. - Lucky set up a cocaine operation and ran casinos.
56Batista Government
- Was also used to hide money from illegal
activities in the U.S. - Many Americans set up factories in Cuba to take
advantage of local resources like sugar cane and
tobacco. Ex. Palmolive Colgate. - This resulted in many rich Americans and very
poor citizens of Cuba
57Cuban RevolutionPerson Fidel Castro
- Fidel Castro was a lawyer and was appalled at the
corruption for the Batista government. - Received support through educating the poor on
the corruption of the government. - He joined forces with Che Guevara and organised
an army which overthrew the Batista government.
58Castro Regime
- Castros first business was to execute all the
corrupt government officials that abused the
poor. - Then he nationalised all the foreign American
assets. - Wealth was to be invested in Cuba.
- With this money he set up free health care.
59Term Bay of Pigs Invasion
- Cuba has fell to Communism and Castro is allied
with the USSR because of the trade embargo. - Kennedy could not have a communist ally 50 miles
off the coast of Florida. - Many people who did not agree with Castro and
Communism fled the country and became exiles.
60Bay of Pigs 1961
- Kennedy decided to get the CIA to train the
exiles and plan an invasion of Cuba. - Exiles taking country back sounds a lot better
than a US invasion. - The invasion was a great failure and Castro
captured and jailed many of the exiles.
61Results of Bay of Pigs 1961
- Because of this Castro felt threatened and allied
closure with the USSR. - He needed them for protection.
- Allowed Russia to install military bases.
- Russia began shipping weapons into Cuba.
62Khrushchev and Gulag
- Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union during the
Cuban Missile Crisis. - Policy of Destalinisation throughout Russia and
told of the Gulag Prisons. - Gulag Prisons and Labour camps Stalin created
to deal with anyone who opposed him.
63Détente, Hotline, MAD
- Détente Time of peace or settling of tension
during a conflict. - Hotline direct line of communication which was
set up after the Cuban Missile crisis between the
USSR and the USA. - MAD Mutually Assured Destruction Theory which
states that if one country attacks with a Nuclear
weapon then the other would counter, this would
continue until both countries are destroyed.
64Short Answer 1. Marshall Plan
- Truman believed Communism grew in countries in
poverty. - Many governments were struggling to rebuild after
the war. - They realised that if they built up Europe now,
they could have a trading partner for life and
keep it from falling to communism. - Created by General George Marshall
65Marshall Plan
- The USA offered money, equipment and goods to
states willing to work together to create
recovery. - Included cash machinery, food and technology.
- In return, they would agree to buy American goods
and allow American to invest capital in their in
their industries.
66Results
- 16 nations set up the Organisation for European
Economic Cooperation. - In 1953 US gave 17 billion
- Increased tensions and divide between East and
West. - Stalin prevented Soviet countries from engaging
in the plan.
67Results
- Stalin accused the USA of using the plan for
their own selfish interests - Plan to dominate Europe and help the American
Economy.
68Short Answer Question2. Berlin Blockade 1948-49
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70Berlin BlockadePolitical Divisions
- After Potsdam Berlin was divided between West
(allied controlled and East USSR controlled. - West was capitalist democracy and East was
Socialist.
71Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences
- Allies wanted to rebuild Germany to be a strong
country. - Wouldnt fall to Communism
- Create a trading partner
- Act as a shield against the spread of communism
in Europe
72Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences
- USSR wanted a weak Germany that would be
incapable of an attack. - USSR refused to let their zone trade with the
Western allied zone (West Berlin)
73Berlin BlockadeConflict
- Since Berlin was in Soviet zone, they controlled
all access to city. - Believed the Allies had no business in Berlin
since it was in the Soviet zone. - U.S put up a military base.
- Capitalist way of life was on show as the U.S
tried to make their zone better.
74Question 2 Berlin Blockade
- In protest, Stalin decided to restrict access to
Berlin by the Allies. - Hoped to get the allies to pull out of Berlin by
starving the people. - Abandon plans to develop Germany
- Eventually the people would turn to him and
switch to Communism and create one city.
75Berlin BlockadeWestern Options
- Ignore and drive through Blockade.
- Advantages 1)Show the Russians the U.S could not
be blackmailed. - 2)They were the only ones with an A bomb.
- Disadvantages 1)High risk of War
- 2)Russian forces outnumbered U.S forces in Europe.
76Berlin BlockadeOption 2 Pull Out of Berlin
- Advantages
- 1) Avoid any risk of War
- Disadvantages
- 1)Loss of prestige (positive reputation) for the
Western powers. - 2) No one trust the Americans in the future to
stand against Communism.
77Berlin Blockade Option 3 Supply West Berlin by
Air
- Advantages
- 1)Less risk of War than option 1
- Disadvantages
- 1) Risky Operation 4000 tons of supplies required
daily. - 2) Costly to supply by two million people by air.
78Short Answer 3. and Terms Socialism v. Capitalism
- Elections and more than one political party.
- Most industry and agriculture owned by
individuals. - They employ workers and keep all profits made.
- Profits create classes of people.
- Usually 1 party state
- Industry and agriculture owned by the state.
People encouraged to work for the common good. - Classless society with no profit making
79Question 4. Kennedys OptionsOption 1 Do Nothing
- He could do nothing and ignore the missiles.
- This would have been political suicide and if the
Russians had seen this as weakness on his part,
they could have taken advantage of it. - Lose public support and be seen as a weak
president.
80Option 2 Invasion
- He could order a full scale military invasion of
Cuba. - This would escalate the problem as there were
22000 Soviet troops there. - Heavy casualties would look bad on the
presidency. - Did not know where all the sites were or if any
were operational and would be fired before they
were captured.
81Option 3 - Air Strike
- He could order an air strike against the missile
bases only. - The problem again would be Russian casualties.
- Air Force was not sure it could deliver pin-point
bombing raids on what were relatively small
targets.
82Option 4 - Diplomacy
- He could call on the Russians to remove the
missiles explaining the damage their presence was
doing to Russian/American relations. - However, the Russians were highly unlikely to
listen to a polite request especially as they
even refused to recognise the existence of the
missiles at the United Nations emergency meeting
on the matter.
83Option 5 - Blockade
- He could put a naval blockade around the island -
quarantine it - and not allow any more Russian
ships to enter Cuba. - This would still leave missiles on Cuba but the
negotiations would continue in the background
while publically Kennedy would be seen to be
doing something specific.
84Cuban Missile Crisis
85Short Answer Question 5 Lenin to Stalin
- Lenin dies from multiple strokes in 1924
- Stalin opposed the New Economic Policy of Lenin
as it was not Socialism. - A new class of rich landowners formed called
Kulaks
86Collectivisation
- Stalin felt he needed to modernise and
industrialise. - In order for industrialisation to occur there
needs to be modernised farming techniques. - Greater yield from less work would allow farmers
to leave land and go work in factories. - Modernisation meant using tractors and machines
on large farms
87Collectivisation
- Stalin took control of small farms controlled by
one family and merged them into large plots of
land that supported many families. - The government then gave them tractors and seeds.
88IndustrialisationStalins Aims
- Security threatened from Western Nations,
needed to modernise the Military - Prove Communism was right
- Control Stalin needed to control his country so
revolutions did not occur - Agriculture Needed to be able manufacture
tractors and farm equipment
89Term 5 Year PlansFirst plan 1928-32
- Increase armaments (military) by mining iron,
coal and producing steel. - Take over all private business
- 1929 Stalin ordered it to be completed in 4
years.
905 year Plan2nd Plan 1933 - 37
- Concentrated on consumer goods and housing
projects. - Had to be abandoned because of suspicion around
Hitler - Went back to producing weapons.
915 Year Plan 3rd Plan
- Focused on luxury goods such as bicycles, and
radios that were in other industrialised
countries. - Also abandoned when Hitler invaded
92Results of 5 Year Plan
- Output Soviet Union made huge advances to make
it the worlds second largest industrial Power - New industrial centres and towns were built from
scratch in the centre of the Union, protected
from invasion - See handout
93- Power and transport projects were completed
including huge hydroelectric dams - Urban Population increased by 29 million.
94Stalins Dictatorship
- Stalin used propaganda to create a cult of
Stalin - He had statues and places named after him.
(Stalingrad) - People had to clap when his name was mentioned in
meetings
95Culture and Censorship
- Stalin reviewed every film and book written to
make sure it promoted the country. - Stories had to celebrate the common working
people and the successes of Communism - Anyone in violation would be sent to Labour camps
or Gulags
96Education
- Children were taught that Stalin was the Great
Leader - Students were taught Stalins version of History
- Religion was banned and leaders imprisoned
- Stalin was the only one to be worshipped.
97Secret Police and Labour Camps
- Stalin created and expanded his secret police
force to search out anyone in opposition to his
government. - Guilty people were sentenced to death, exile or
hard labour. - Labour camps called Gulags were set up for
prisoners. - Millions of people were sent to do forced labour.
98Purges
- Stalin was always fearful of losing power.
- Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid of
any opposition. - This also helped with labour in mines
99Purges 1930-40
- Managers and workers that did not meet the five
year plans or talked bad about them - Kulaks that opposed collectivisation
- 1934 Opposition party members
- 1935 senior communists that may support Other
leaders (Trotsky)
100Purges
- Ordinary citizens if someone suspected a
neighbour of not supporting the government they
could be arrested. - Children were encouraged to tell on their
parents. - People tortured to confession
- 1 million people in Moscow killed
101Purges and Results
- 1937 the Red Army Most senior officers and
officials were killed or sent to Gulags. - Left the army unprepared against Hitlers
invasion. - Executed 1 million
- Died in Camps 2 million
- In prison 1 million
- Gulags 8 million
- These are figures form one year.
102Results Continued
- Most of the advantages of Communism was
nullified after this. - Expert scientists, administrators and Engineers
were usually sent to Gulags or killed. - People would tell on each other for self
interest. - Stalin even killed members of his own family.
103The Road to WarHitlers Aims
- Causes of WW2 Essay Question 2
104Cause 1. Treaty of versaille Reversal of the
Treaty of Versailles
- Never excepted treaty
- Determined to restore German Pride
- Intended to retrieve the lands lost in 1919
- Build up the armed forces
105Unite Germans
- Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking people
- This would create Greater Germany in one
homeland - This meant the unification of Germany and Austria
(Anschless) which was forbidden in the Treaty of
Versailles - Also unite the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia
106 Lebensraum
- Means Living space
- For its 85 million citizens it would need more
resources - Would have to invade Poland and west USSR
- Hitler hated the Poles because they were Slavs
- Hitler hated USSR because they were Communists
107German Rearmament1933
- Disarmament Conference Hitler challenged the
other powers to disarm to his level. They
rejected. - Hitler then felt justified in rearming
108German Armed Forces
- In 1933 Germany announced they would increase
troops to 300,000 - Air force to contain 1000 planes and train
pilots. - 1935 Increased army to 500,000
- Allies met to condemn German Rearmament
- This was called the Stresa conference
109Anglo-German Naval Treaty
- This allowed Germany to build a Navy 1/3 the size
of Britain and have the same number of Subs. - This broke the Stresa agreement.
- Allies turned on each other.
1102. Appeasement
- Allies did nothing when Hitler took over the
Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. - Did nothing when Hitler began rearming. Including
the air force and navy and increasing troops from
300,000 - Did nothing when they allied and took over
Austria (anchluss) - Hitler thought he could get away with anything
so moved into Poland which started the war.
111Propaganda
- Hitler used film and control of all information
in the country to gain the faith of his people.
I.E. The Peoples Radio - He created the Hitler youth and taught them to
worship Hitler. This would ensure future
support. - Women were taught how to raise the perfect German
child according to Hitlers vision.
112Domestic Control
- Hitler controlled all information in the Country.
- Used his SS and stormtroopers to kill and bully
any that opposed his views. - Burned books that spoke against him
- Schools only taught his approved curriculum.
113Rwanda
114Question 12 long answer 1History
- First colonized by Germany in 1890.
- Germany forced to give it over to Belgium in
Treaty of Versailles in 1919. - Natives made up of two ethnic groups, Tutsi and
Hutu who lived together for 600 years.
115Hutu Tutsi
- Both groups spoke the same language, shared the
same religion, and traded resources. - Both followed the Belgian chosen leader and
thought he was godlike. - Intermarriages were common between the two.
116Differences Hutu Tutsi
- Physically the Tutsi were lighter skinned,
thinner and taller than Hutus - Hutus were shorter and stocky, darker skinned.
- Tutsi were cattle herders, Hutu were famers.
- 85 of people were Hutu, 15 Tutsi
- Large Hutu Majority.
117Belgium Influence
- Belgium orders the citizens to carry identity
cards stating who was Tutsi and Hutu. - Belgium viewed the Tutsi as ethnically superior
because they had lighter skin, were taller. - Tutsi were richer since they had cattle.
- Gave privileged jobs and government positions to
Tutsi. - This angered Hutus as they were the majority
118Conflict
- In 1959 Rwandan Tutsi king dies and Belgium
installs another Tutsi king. - This angered Hutus and a violent revolution
resulted. - Rwanda holds an referendum and vote for
independence from Belgium.
119Hutu Power
- 1962 First Hutu, Gregoire Kayibanda, elected to
power. - Throughout the 60s and 70s Hutus kill and
persecute Tutsi and remove them from powerful
jobs. - 2 million Tutsi fled to Uganda, Congo, Tanzania.
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121- In 1973 military coup installs Hutu General
Habyarimana - He changes constitution that states Tutsi can
only fill 9 of government positions. - Tutsis in Rwanda and all neighboring countries
from the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) to fight
for Tutsi rights.
122- 1990 RPF in all countries invade Rwanda.
- France and Zaire send troops to stop the invasion
and force a cease fire in 1991. - Hutu Government declares Tutsis as enemy of the
state. - United Nations intervenes to make sure the cease
fire is not broken. - Mission is called United Nations Assistance
Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR).
123UNAMIR
- 2500 troops
- 370 from Canada
- 400 Belgium
- 800 Ghana
- Canadian Lieutenant General Romeo Dallaire is put
in charge of the mission to support Arusha
Accords cease fire.
124Ethnic Division
- President Habyarimana takes this event to create
a Tutsi enemy threat. - Gave him more support in the country.
- Organized massacres of Tutsi and opposition
groups. - Formed a youth militia called the Interahamwe
(those that attack together).
125- Interehamwe recruiters offered them food, drugs,
freedom to rape, cash. - Encouraged them to take Tutsi possessions.
-
126Hutu Power Radio
- Habyarimana also started the radio station RTLM
also known as Hutu Power. - Used to spread hatred and blame the Tutsi for all
problems. - Called them Inyenzi or cockroaches
- Also spread hate against UNAMIR and Belgium.
- In Burundi, Tutsis murdered the Hutu president
making the Rwandans more frightened.
127Hutu Power Radio
- Radio announces that Tutsi should exterminate
their neighbours and take their land and
possessions. - False reports of the Tutsi attacking Hutu in
rural parts of country led by the RPF.
128Civilian Civil Defense Force
- Habyarimana organizes another militia (Civilian
Civil Defense Force) of ordinary citizens and
gives them clubs and machetes. - It is now believed that France supplied weapons
and training for the Interahamwe and the Civilian
force.
129Structure
- Habyarimana then kills all local leaders that
does not support him and replaces them with his
own Hutu leaders. - Police chiefs, Mayors, government employees all
support killing the Tutsi. - They wait for the signal from the Hutu power
radio station.
130Dallaires Cables
- Dallaire captures shipments of weapons from
France (in violation of Arusha Accords) destined
for Hutu Government. - Meets with Interahamwe informant Jean Pierre
who tells of weapons caches throughout Rwanda. - Dallaire sends cable (communication) requesting
permission to capture weapons and is denied.
Forced to tell Habyarimana what he knows. - Jean Pierre is never seen again
131Start
- April 6th 1994 President Habyarimana is killed
when his plane is shot down. - Colonel Bagosora takes charge and orders the
military, Interahamwe, Civilian Civil Defense to
begin extermination of the Tutsi for self
defense.
132Strategies
- Organised to kill 1000 every 20 minutes
- Since Rwandans were forced to identify, Hutus
knew where they lived. - Went house to house killing families.
- Local officials order militias to create barriers
on roads to prevent Tutsis from leaving. -
133Strategies
- Force Tutsi to go to public buildings (churches,
schools, govt buildings) where they are massacred
in large scale. - Women were raped in exchange for their life.
-
134Belgium Deaths
- Once the killings started, Romeo Dallaire sent 10
Belgium peacekeepers to protect the Prime
Minister Agathe uwilingiyimana - She is killed
- Troops are captured, tortured and killed by the
Tutsi. -
135Evacuations
- France, Belgium, U.S send 2000 in troops and
Military planes to evacuate its citizens in
Rwanda, and leave. - Belgium removed its troops after the deaths.
- Dallaire was left with 270 troops from Canada and
Ghana. - UN ordered Dallaire to leave, he denied the
order.
136End of Genocide
- The genocide came to an end after the RPF invaded
once again. - Estimated 800,000 Tutsi and Hutu killed in 100
days. - RPF capture Kigali and form an interim government
composed of Tutsi and Hutu.
137International Humanitarian Law
138Geneva Conventions
- Made up of 4 treaties and 3 additional protocols.
- Ratified by 194 countries
- Aim is to set of standard for treatment of
victims of war.
139- Defines rights of those captured during the war.
- Establishing protections for the wounded
- Addresses protections for the civilians in and
around a war zone.
140- Henri Dunant wrote a book (Memoir of Solferino)
in which he proposed a permanent relief agency
for humanitarian aid in times of war - A government treaty recognizing the neutrality of
the agency and allowing it to provide aid in war
zones.
141- This led to the Red Cross and the Geneva
Conventions. - Dunant became the first recipient of the Nobel
Peace Prize.
142Basic Rules
- Attacks must be limited to combatants and
military targets - 1.1 Civilians may not be attacked
- 1.2 Civilian objects (houses, hospitals, schools,
places of worship - 1.3 Using civilians to shield military targets is
prohibited
143- 1.4 prohibited for combatants to pose as
civilians - 1.5 Starvation of civilians as a method of combat
is prohibited - 1.6 illegal to attack objects that are important
to survival (farms, drinking water - 1.7 illegal to attack dams, dykes, nuclear power
plants
144Indiscriminate weapons
- 2. Attacks or weapons which indiscriminately
strike civilian and military objects and persons,
and which cause excessive injury or suffering are
illegal - 2.1 chemical and bio weapons, blinding laser
weapons, weapons that injure the body by
fragments, poison, anti personnel land mines.
145Examples
- Cluster Bombs and Land mines since they kill
civillians and military targets. - Cluster bomb are canisters tat hold hundreds of
little bombs or bomblets - These litter the land with unexploded bombs that
put the lives of children and civilians at risk. -
146Global Inequalities
147Developed (First World, North)
- Wealthy countries good standard of living for
citizens - Industrialized
- Health Care
- Education available to all people
- Low child mortality rates (Canada 4 deaths/1000
births) - High life expectancy (Canada age 79M, 81F)
- Examples Canada, United States, Britain, France,
Germany, Australia etc
148Developing World (Third World, South)
- Poorest countries hunger, poverty, disease
- Not industrialized
- Health care is limited or non-existent
- Limited education
- High child mortality rates (Mozambique 199
deaths/1000 births) - Low life expectancy rates (Zambia age 37)
- Examples Ethiopia, Vietnam, Haiti, Most African
countries etc
149Facts
- Half the world just over 3 billion people, live
on less than 2.00 a day. - The wealth of the poorest 48 countries in the
world is less than the wealth of the worlds
three richest people. - 30 million people die each year from lack of food.
150- Every 3.6 seconds someone in the world dies of
hunger 75 are children. - Worldwide 250 000 000 children are forced to
work. - 40 000 children die a day from malnutrition and
disease.
151- 125 million children are not in school most are
girls. - Over 1 million children a year will become part
of the sex trade.
152Causes of Inequalities
153- 1. Colonialism
- A policy of conquering and controlling other
countries. - Began in the 1500s when the nations of Europe
established colonies in Africa, Asia and South
America. - Colonies provided cheap labour and raw materials
(minerals, diamonds, tea, sugar, rubber, etc) to
be sold around the world for huge profits. - European countries soon became very rich at the
expense of the colonies. - After 1945, most colonies became independent
countries poor and underdeveloped.
1542. Neo-colonialism The Global Economy
- Independent colonies were quickly invaded and
controlled by multi-national corporations (MNCs)
who set up factories or sweatshops. - Headquarters for these corporations are located
in the developed countries. - MNCs pay factory workers very low wages for
products sold at high prices around the world.
155- Corporate taxes and environmental restrictions
are avoided - End result
- 1. Billions of for the MNCs
- 2. Developing countries remain poor and
dependant on foreign corporations
1563. Debt
- 1970s - developing countries borrowed money from
the richer nations - Agreed to pay the money back with interest
- Due to poverty and high interest rates -
repayment was impossible - For many countries, all extra money went to pay
the debt, not towards improving the country.
1574. Corruption
- Corrupt governments also keep developing nations
in poverty. - Corrupt leaders promote their interests over the
welfare of the people. - Example Zaire, 1960s President Mobutu had 11
palaces, while his people suffered in poverty.