The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution
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Industrialization
Before Industrialization After Industrialization
Agricultural-rural economy Capitalist-urban economy
Family-farm economy Wage- earning economy
Asian-based manufacturing Factory based manufacturing
Rural based population (cottage) Urban population-factories
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Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution

• Began in Great Britain
• The British didnt allow certain occupations to
  leave the country
• 1-
• 2-
• They wanted to keep the secrets of their
  factories and machines to themselves
• Why?

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Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution

• Technical knowledge and invention
• Large population to serve as a workforce
• Possession of natural resources
• Investment capital (money) to build factories
• A stable and capitalist minded government
• Nationalism

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Spread of Industrialization

• United States
• Begins in Northeast in textile industry
• Rich in __________
• Many immigrants
• Who?
• Belgium
• First nation on Continent to Industrialize
• Rich in __________
• Who?

• Germany
• Politically divided
• _________ Germany- rich in coal
• Ruhr Valley industrialized
• Built Railroads
• ______________ spurred development of military
• France
• Began in 1850s
• Government built Railroads

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Inventions Inventors

• James Hargreaves
• Spinning jenny
• Spin many threads from wool
• John Kay
• Flying Shuttle
• Weave cloth from the thread
• Peter Cooper (American)
• Steam powered locomotive
• The first train

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Life in the Mills and Factories

• Mostly women hired to work in textile mills
• Why were mostly women hired to work in mills?
• Some children were hired
• Why?

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Life in the Mills and Factories

• Why did American women dislike the Irish
  workers???
• Mills were
• Hot
• Dirty
• Dangerous

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Canals

• Deep ditches filled with water and wide enough
  for boats
• Man-made
• Canals moved goods faster than wagons over land
• Horses walked along
• sides of canal and
• pulled the boats
• Famous examples

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Railroads and Steam Engines

• Cities wanted to grow and prosper like New York
  City
• Cities needed a connection
• Railroads and canals helped connect different
  parts of the world

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Railroads and Steam Engines

• Advantages of railroads over canals
• 1. Trains could travel much faster than
  horse-pulled canal boats
• 2. Railroad routes were usually more direct than
  waterways like canals and rivers
• 3. Trains could travel all year, while rivers
  and canals often froze in the winter.

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Peter Coopers Steam Engine Train (Tom Thumb)
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Effects of Industrialization

• Negative Effects
• Crowded, Dirty Cities
• Disease
• Harsh working conditions
• Short Life spans in Cities

• Positive Effects
• More jobs available
• Better heating
• Better housing
• Better food
• Better clothing

Which effect outweighs the other?
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Impact on Gender, Family and Social Structure

• Radically altered the traditional social
  structure of the day- Why?
• Slavery declined- Why?
• Family which had been an economic unit moved
  economic production outside of home

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Impact on Gender, Family and Social Structure

• Sharp distinction now being made between family
  life and work life
• Mens status increased because industrial wages
  were considered more important than domestic
  work.
• Middle class values became distinct from those of
  the working class
• Who is emerging as part of the middle class?

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Cult of Domesticity

• Middle class women generally did not work outside
  the home
• Middle class women were pressured to conform to
  the new models of behavior
• Often referred to as the cult of domesticity
• What does this mean? Victorian Age?

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Global effects of Industrialization

• New global division of labor emerged
• Industrial societies needed raw materials from
  distant lands
• Raw cotton from _____________
• Rubber from ________________

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New Global Division of Labor

• Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia,
  and Southeast Asia become dependent on exporting
  cash crops products to industrialized nations
• As a result they never industrialize themselves
• Most of the profits from these cash crops went
  abroad and wealth was concentrated in the hands
  of the few.

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DEPENDENCY THEORY

• The dependency of these nations on cash crops
  explains the uneven result of development
• Development of some areas is achieved at the
  expense of others
• Leads to _________________

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Economic TheoryChallenge to Mercantilism

• ADAM SMITH- ENGLISH
• Supported by Thomas Malthus David Ricardo
• CAPITALISM
• Definition-
• LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS
• Definition-
• CAPITALISM DRIVEN BY THE INVISIBLE HAND OF
  SELF-INTEREST
• PROMOTED FREE MARKETS AND TRADE
• ECONOMIC CHOICE AND FREEDOM
• Opposed government efforts to help poor workers
• Works on Capitalism
• THE WEALTH OF NATIONS (1776)-
• An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)-
• Principle of Political Economy and Taxation
  (1817)-

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Wealth of Nations
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Reactions to Industrialization

• Socialism-ideas of tolerance and egalitarianism
  from the Enlightenment
• Anti-capitalist reforms -inspired by appalling
  conditions workers experienced in the 1800s
• Karl Marx- advocates the overthrow of the moneyed
  classes to be followed by a workers state

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Other Economic Thoughts

• Socialism
• Charles Fourier and Saint Simon
• Definition-
• Communism
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• Definition-
• Publications- The Communist Manifesto (1848)
• Inspired revolutionaries- Russia, China, Vietnam,
  Cuba
• Intense class struggle

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Other Economic Theories contd

• Utilitarianism
• Modified ideas of Smith
• Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
• Definition-

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Positivists and Utopian Socialists
Positivists scientific method could be applied
to improve social and technical problems Utopian
Socialism industry could provide prosperity for
all Robert Owen 1771-1858 a successful cotton
manufacturer created a mill town in Glasgow
improved housing, created schools, and
testified in Parliament against child labor
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Unions
Union movements advocated the organization of
workers so they could negotiate with their
employers better wages and conditions Led to
tensions and bloodshed- factory owners tried to
stop workers from banding together -sometime
bloodshed resulted