Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins

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Chapter 26The Cold War Begins

• Section 4
• Eisenhowers Policies

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Election of 1952

• Democrat Adlai Stevenson
• Republican Dwight Eisenhower
• Eisenhower was a national hero after commanding
  the D-Day invasion.

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New Look

• Eisenhower felt the way to win the Cold War was
  through a strong military and strong economy.
• Believed the use of atomic weapons was necessary.
• Believed we needed a New Look in our defense
  policy.

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Massive Retaliation

• He wanted to prevent war from happening.
• A policy of massive retaliation was used to
  threaten the use of nuclear weapons on any
  Communist state that tried to gain territory by
  force.
• Result
• Military spending down
• Nuclear arsenal spending up

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New Technology

• B-52 Bomber could fly across continents and drop
  nuclear bombs anywhere in the world.
• Intercontinental ballistic missiles (icbm) and
  submarines capable of launching nuclear missiles
  were also created.

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ICBM
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Nuclear Submarine
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The Sputnik Crisis

• October 4, 1957 Soviets launched Sputnik, the
  first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.
• Americans felt we were falling behind in missile
  technology.

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The Sputnik Crisis

• The next year, Congress created the National
  Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and
  also passed the National Defense Education Act
  (NDEA).

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Brinksmanship

• Eisenhowers willingness to threaten nuclear war
  to maintain peace worried some.
• Critics argued, brinksmanship, the willingness to
  ho to war to force the other side to back down,
  was too dangerous.

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The Korean War Ends

• Eisenhower threatened the use of nuclear weapons.
  
• Although there was no victor, it did stop the
  spread of Communism.

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The Taiwan Crisis

• 1954 China threatened to take over two islands
  from the Nationalists.
• Eisenhower threatened the use of nuclear weapons
  if China tried to invade Taiwan.
• China retreated.

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The Suez Crisis
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The Suez Crisis

• Eisenhower wanted to prevent Arab countries from
  aligning with the Soviet Union.
• To gain support, U.S. offered to help finance a
  dam on the Nile River for Egypt.
• Congress forced withdrawal of the offer.

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The Suez Crisis

• Egyptians took control of the Canal to pay for a
  dam.
• British French responded by invading the Suez
  Canal.
• Soviets threatened rocket attacks.
• Through strong American pressure British French
  called off their invasion.

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Fighting Communism Covertly

• Eisenhower used covert, or hidden, operations
  conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency
  (CIA).

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Containment in Developing Nations

• CIA operations took place in developing nations,
  or those nations with mostly agricultural
  economies.
• Two examples of covert operations that achieved
  objectives took place in Iran and Guatemala in
  the 1950s

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Uprising in Hungary

• Covert ops didnt always work.
• After Stalin died, Nikita Khrushchev became the
  new leader of the Soviet Union in 1956.
• He delivered a secret speech to Soviet leaders,
  which was broadcast by the CIA to Eastern Europe.

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Uprising in Hungary

• Eastern Europeans staged riots, and an uprising
  occurred in Hungary.
• Soviet tanks entered Budapest, and stopped the
  rebellion.

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Continuing Tensions

• Eisenhower and Khrushchev agreed to a summit in
  Paris in order to improve relations.
• Khrushchev stopped the summit after the Soviets
  shot down an American spy plane piloted by
  Francis Gary Powers.

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End of Chapter 26

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