England

1
Englands Colonial Experiment

• The 17th Century

2
English Settlement

• Wanted to use Spanish Conquistador Model
• Military take-over
• Slave-labor of native people
• They hoped to find riches like silver and gold

3

• Plantation Model was more familiar to them
• Used when taking over Ireland in late 16th
  century
• Plantations could better support a family, trade,
  and permanent settlement

4
Roanoke

• Two attempts by Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a
  colony called Roanoke
• Attempt 1
• 1585, he tried the conquistador model but found
  no riches
• Men left on the first supply ship

5

• Attempt2
• 1587, he tried the plantation model, and sent
  over families and adventurers
• They were cut off from supplies in 1588 because
  of a war with Spain
• The colony ran out of supplies
• 1590, a ship reached the colony but found no one
• They only found the word Croatoan
• Roanoke became known as The Lost Colony

6

• In 1590s Raleigh lost Queen Elizabeths support
• His letters patent were bought by a group of
  investors who formed the Virginia Company

7

• In 1590 Raleigh lost Queen Elizabeths support
• His letters patent were bought by a group of
  investors who formed the Virginia Company
• Plymouth Virginia Company
• London Virginia Company

8
London Virginia Company

• Founded Jamestown in 1607 in the area of the
  Chesapeake Bay

9

• Initially, the conquistador model was tried but
  quickly changed to the plantation model for
  survival
• Problems encountered
• Different climate
• Lots of mosquitoes and malaria
• Contaminated water, stagnant water that gave them
  typhus and dysentary

10

• Brackish water in spring and fall
• Poisonous snakes
• The Seasoning
• If one survived for one year, then that person
  could probably resist the various diseases
  present
• Native Americans tried to help, but that changed
  when English refused to be their subordinates
• Then the English were on their own

11

• John Smith forced everyone, including
  gentlemen, to work for the survival of all.
• Not everyone appreciated his efforts, and
  Captain John Smith was forced to return home to
  England in 1609.

12

• The Starving Time Winter- 1609-1610
• 1610, supplies, 150 new settlers, and a new
  English governor- Thomas West, Lord Delaware,
  revived the colony
• http//jamestown1607.org/

13

• John Rolfe, a settler who arrived in 1610,
  created a strain of Virginia tobacco that became
  popular in Europe
• Jamestown had its cash crop, a very
  labor-intensive cash crop
• The settlers thought they could get the Native
  Americans to do the work in the fields
• WRONG

14
Labor

• Indentured servants
• Passage paid for by a landowner, and then
  landowner got an extra 50 acres of land. This was
  known as the headright system
• Many died during their first year
• Those who survived could pay off the debt for his
  passage to the New World with 5-7 years of work
  then he or she would receive 50 acres.
• Many of the women married landowners because of a
  shortage of women

15

• Slaves
• Eventually, it was thought, there would not be
  enough land to give to former indentured servants
• The first African slaves were brought over in
  1619 and were treated like indentured servants
  (given their freedom at the end of a certain
  number of years)
• This practice stopped by the mid-17th century,
  and slaves were then treated like property

16
Jamestown

• 1619, a governing board was set up in the colony
  called the House of Burgesses
• A governor was appointed by the London Virginia
  Company who had veto power
• An experiment in representative government
• 1620s, problems brought down the Virginia Company

17

• Letters of patent went back to the crown
• By 1624 the crown had its first royal colony with
  tobacco as its cash crop
• The crown then appointed a governor, but truly
  the colony was still very much on its own
• http//jamestown1607.org/survivalanswers.asp

18
Pilgrims

• Also called Separatists or Puritans who saw
  themselves as Saints
• Wanted more emphasis on scripture and less on
  ritual and vestments in the Anglican Church
• A small group of Christians who believe they were
  chosen to be saved by God
• Didnt want to live or worship with the damned
• 125 first left Scrooby, England in 1608 bound for
  Holland without Englands permission

19

• It didnt work out for them in Holland because
  Holland practiced toleration
• They left because they didnt want their children
  picking up Dutch ways
• The Plymouth Virginia Company was looking for
  settlers for the New World
• They returned to England only to catch the ship
  to North America

20

• 1620, 102 colonists forming 18 families traveled
  on the Mayflower and landed at the southern end
  of Massachusetts Bay

21

• Led by William Bradford, they established
  Plymouth Colony on the site of an abandoned
  Pautuxent Indian village
• Helped by Squanto
• Mayflower Compact
• Asserted loyalty to King
• Would make and obey laws
• Authority came the consent
• of those governed

22

• Little outside interference had nothing much to
  offer the King
• Subsistence farming
• Some fisheries
• Some fur trading

23

• In 1629 Puritan merchant ships got a charter to
  settle north of Plymouth 400 arrived in Salem
  and set up the Massachusetts Bay Colony
• 1630 700 more arrived led by John Winthrop
• 1631 1300 more arrived
• 1640 13,000 more came
• 1631 there were 6 towns

24
Planned Colony

• Took abundant provisions
• Took men and women of all ages and social classes
• Gentlemen
• Artisans
• Professionals and ministers
• Laborers

25

• They wanted to create a new England in North
  America but with a difference
• Self government

26
Who were the Puritans

• Followers of John Calvin (Calvinists)
• Believed human nature was depraved
• Only a few were chosen to be saved and nothing
  could be done about it
• PREDESTINATION
• Believed that those saved, the Elect, should do
  the governing and enforce Gods laws

27

• No tolerance for sinners
• Repression and conformity were promoted
• Believed in community, working together
• Individualism not tolerated
• Other religions not tolerated
• Perhaps if one lived a good life, that person
  could be saved
• Keep yourself and others on the right path
• Literacy, education was essential for reading
  bible

28
Strict Rules and LawsBlue Laws

• Sunday activities were forbidden working,
  playing ball, running, walking in the garden, or
  gossiping
• No public displays of affection
• No nagging punishment was to be put in stocks
• Wife beating punished by public whipping

29

• Death penalty imposed murder, treason, adultery
  (not enforced), incest, homosexuality,
  bestiality, and witchcraft
• Adulterers wore an A on clothing or would be
  branded with an A on hand
• Lower classes wearing clothing of an upper class
  was a crime

30
Schools

• Under Puritan control in Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Harvard established in 1636 as school to train
  ministers

31

• Shipbuilding industry started in Boston 2 years
  after settlement
• Not all agreed with ways of Puritans
• Dissenters helped to found Rhode Island, New
  Hampshire, Connecticut, and New Haven

32
Rhode Island

• Founded by Roger Williams, who had argued with
  John Winthrop, in 1631
• Believed in separation of church and state
  because the Elect should govern and one didnt
  really know who the Elect really were
• Williams also challenged the King taking land
  from Native Americans without compensation
• Williams was banished from Massachusetts Bay
  in1635
• He was ordered back to England
• He fled and stayed with Narragansett Indians for
  winter

33

• 1636 Williams bought land from that tribe and
  established Providence
• This Rhode Island gave Massachusetts Bay a place
  to send dissenters
• Massachusetts Bay called Rhode Island the Sewer
  of New England
• 1644 Williams secured charter from King
• Rhode Island was the only New England colony to
  practice religious toleration
• 800 settlers there by1650

34
New Hampshire

• Established in 1638 by disciples of Anne
  Hutchinson and John Wheelwright when Anne was
  banished from Massachusetts Bay
• Hutchinson
• Devout Puritan
• Held discussion groups at her house after church
  services popular
• Criticized sermons
• Criticized governing practices
• Believed in separation of church and state
  Antinomianism
• Banished to Providence
• Went to New Netherlands ( the Bronx, N.Y.) and
  was killed by Indians in 1643
• New Hampshire populated by Orthodox Puritans
  looking for better land rather than religious
  freedom

35
Connecticut

• Settled by Reverend Thomas Hooker
• He argued with Reverend Joseph Cotton
• Took followers to Connecticut River Valley in
  1636
• Caused conflict with Pequot Indians
• May, 1637 Pequots attacked
• Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Colonies
  retaliated killing 400 Indians and shattering
  Pequot power

36
Native Americans affected by diseases

• From 1616-1618, 90 of New Englands coastal
  Indians died of disease
• From 1643-1644, another epidemic hit the Indians
  of the Northeast
• In 1600, there were 20,000 Indians in
  Massachusetts
• By 1635, there were only a few dozen left in the
  same area
• Growth and prosperity of New England came at the
  expense of the Native Americans

37
Native Americans

• Killed by diphtheria, measles, T.B., and smallpox
  in New England
• Cut population from 125,000 in 1610 to 10,000 in
  1675
• Fur trade with colonists depleted fur-bearing
  animals and many fell into debt to British who
  extended credit
• Ecosystem was changing
• English livestock ran free and damaged Indian
  crops

38
Second Generation Puritans

• Rejected the public conversion practiced by their
  parents
• They wanted a more inclusive religious community
• Compromise Halfway Covenant
• Permitted children of all baptized members, even
  non-saints, to be baptized
• Non-saints would be known as halfway members
• They could not take communion or vote in Church
  affairs

39

• Preachers berated congregations for not
  preserving the old ways and for being a community
  of trade, not religion

40
Proprietary Colonies

• Land given by kings, like Charles II, to men who
  were loyal to him and to men to whom he owed
  money
• For Example Maryland
• The first proprietary colony
• Land in the Chesapeake region given to Cecilius
  Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a Catholic
• Territory chartered in 1631
• Named for Queen Henrietta Maria
• Initially, a refuge for Catholics however, they
  were the minority in Maryland and resented by
  Protestants
• Act of Toleration 1649
• Repealed 1654
• Church of England became official church of
  Maryland in 1692

41
PennsylvaniaPenns Woods

• Another proprietary colony
• Charles II owed money to Admiral Sir William
  Penn, and that debt was inherited by his son,
  young William Penn
• So Charles II gave the younger William Penn what
  is today Pennsylvania
• Penn also owned what would become New Jersey and
  Delaware

42
William Penn

• He was a Quaker
• A religion founded by George Fox
• Illegal in England
• Pacifists believed each person had the light of
  God within
• No need for church hierarchy
• Refused to remove hats or take oaths
• Believed in the equality of all

43

• Pennsylvania, Penns Holy Experiment
• It was for all who believed in God
• Penn said that all the witches in Salem could
  come and fly around Pennsylvania
• Pietists from Germany came and became known as
  the Pennsylvania Dutch from the word for
  German, Deutsch
• Philadelphia a planned city large, clean,
  prosperous

44

• New Jersey and Delaware separated from
  Pennsylvania and became proprietary colonies in
  1681
• All 3 were heavily populated by Quakers
• Pennsylvania Assembly controlled by Quakers, so
  it remained a religious haven, unlike Maryland

45
New York

• Included what was then known as New Netherlands
  and New Sweden
• New Netherlands settled by Dutch in 1624
• New Sweden settled by Swedes and Finns in 1638
  by Peter Minuet
• Bought Manhattan for 24
• Had riverfront settlements

46

• Dutch took New Sweden in 1655
• Peter Stuyvesant governed New Netherlands
  beginning in 1647
• Was nasty and tyrannical
• Had little support from his own people
• Couldnt put together a defensive force to keep
  British out in 1664
• The British were almost welcomed

47
The Carolinas

• This territory awarded by Charles II to 8 court
  favorites active in colonial affairs
• Charters given in 1663 and again in 1665
• Thee men thought they could make lots of money as
  landlords
• 1669 constitution drawn up for a united
  Carolina
• It didnt work out that way

48

• Northern and southern parts developed differently
• Northern settlers
• Backwoods farmers
• Isolated from outside world
• Scratched out a meager living from subsistence
  farming
• No aristocrats
• Had virtually no African slaves

49

• Southern settlers
• Had good fertile land
• Had good harbor at Charles Town
• Had a more prosperous economy and flourishing
  trade
• Had an aristocratic society
• Introduced slavery

50

• Carolina was the most unstable of the colonies
  for many years
• Proprietors lost control and the colonists took
  over in1719 and kept control for 10 years
• King then divided the region into two royal
  colonies North and South Carolina

51
Georgia

• Founders were an unpaid group of trustees led by
  General James Oglethorpe
• He wished to create a military barrier against
  the Spanish lands in the south
• He also wished to create a refuge for the
  deserving poor, so they could get a fresh start

52

• They received their charter in 1732 and they
• Limited the size of landholdings
• Excluded Africans, free or slave
• Prohibited rum
• Strictly regulated trade with Native Americans
• Excluded Catholics

53

• First group of settlers arrived in 1733
• They resented all the restrictions
• Called Oglethorpe their perpetual dictator
• All trustees except Oglethorpe removed
  restrictions
• Oglethorpe became disillusioned and left

54

• Georgia grew more slowly than the other colonies
• 1770 there were 20,000 non-Indians and about
  half were African slaves