Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution
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Note-taking

• I will post questions or headings for each
  content area that I will be discussing.
• You will listen to the class discussion and write
  down what YOU deem as important.
• Then I will post what I deem as important for 1-2
  MINUTES.
• This is not the time to copy down what is on the
  board as fast as you can, but check your work and
  add toy our notes.
• CLASS DISCUSSIONS ARE INCLUDED WITH NOTES, WHICH
  MAY NOT BE IN THE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION, BUT
  YOU CAN STILL BE TESTED ON THIS MATERIAL.

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First lets look at two questions.What was the
Industrial Revolution?How did the Industrial
Revolution come about?
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What was the Industrial Revolution?

• Industrial Revolution is the change in social and
  economic organization that resulted from the
  replacement of hand tools with machines and from
  the development of large scale industrial
  production.
• It began in the early 1800s before the Civil
  War and continued with industrial growth through
  the 1900s.

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How did the Industrial Revolution come about?

• The industrial boom occurred for three reasons
• The wealth of natural resources
• Government support for business
• A growing urban population that provided both
  cheap labor and markets for new products.

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What inventions/innovations came out of the
Industrial Revolution?
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What inventions/innovations came out of the
Industrial Revolution?

• Technology taking the innovations from the lead
  inventors and applying them to industry.
• Patent gives the inventor the exclusive rights
  to make, use and sell their invention for a
  certain time period.
• American ingenuity business men invested money
  in creating new businesses and expanded old ones.

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New forms of energy

• Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company sent Edwin L. Drake
  drilled for oil its byproducts are gasoline,
  kerosene, and petroleum jelly.
• Significance led to other towns opening up oil
  refineries.
• Bessemer Process Perfected by Henry Bessemer
  removing carbon from iron by injecting air into
  molten iron and it produces steel.
• Thomas A. Edison perfected the incandescent light
  bulb, the phonograph, motion picture cameras,
  etc.
• Henry Ford created the Model T in 1908. Ford made
  the car was affordable by perfecting the assembly
  line.

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New forms of energy

• Samuel E. Morse patented the telegraph and
  created the Morse Code- that was a series of
  short and long electrical impulses that represent
  letters of the alphabet.
• Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson patented
  the talking telephone.
• Significance led to world wide communication.

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The Transcontinental Railroad
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The Transcontinental Railroad

• The railway extended from Omaha, Nebraska to
  Sacramento, California.
• The railway was built by two companies, Central
  Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad companies.
  Both were funded by grants from the government.
• Central Pacific hired Chinese immigrants and the
  Union Pacific hired Irish Immigrants and Civil
  War Veterans. They suffered attacks from Native
  Americans and many diseases.
• It was finish on May 10, 1869 and the two
  companies met at Promontory Summit. (Utah)

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The Transcontinental Railroad

• Time Zones created by Professor C.F. Dowd. The
  earth was divided into 24 times zones. The United
  States had 4- Eastern, Central, Mountain, and
  Pacific.
• Significance People were able to get to places
  on time, towns were set up by railroad tracks,
  and iron, coal, steel, lumber and glass companies
  were expanded

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Big Business
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Big Business

• Charles Darwin created the theory of natural
  selection in which the strongest survives.
• Social Darwinism states that society should do as
  little as possible to interfere with peoples
  pursuit of success or the government should not
  get involved.
• This is also stated in Adam Smiths Wealth of
  the nations in the idea of Laissez-faire or
  government should play a limited role in
  business.
• Robber Barons business leaders that built their
  fortunes by stealing from the public or Captains
  of Industry business leaders that served their
  nation in a positive way.

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Big Business

• Different terms for Big Business.
• Monopoly a complete control of a product or
  service. This is illegal because it goes against
  capitalism. Public utilities are a monopoly, but
  today are regulated by the government.
• Oligopoly a market structure dominated by only a
  few large, profitable firms.
• Merger two or more companies that join together.
  
• Capitalism economic system in which the means of
  production and distribution are privately owned.
• Communism Economic system in which production is
  owned by the government.

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Big Business

• Robber Baron or Captain of Industry?
• J.P. Morgan an American financer.
• Andrew Carnegie owner of Carnegie steel in 1899
• John D. Rockefeller company of Standard Oil in
  1870
• Cornelius Vanderbilt built his wealth in
  shipping and railroads
• Jay Gould a speculator who was involved in the
  railroad and newspaper companies.

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What affects did the Industrial Revolution have
on the American society?
Click here to see the seating at The Garden
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What affects did the Industrial Revolution have
on the American society?

• Electricity It allowed businesses to stay open
  later and factories could be located anywhere.
• The telephone and the typewriter led to women
  entering the workforce for the first time.
• Urbanization movement of people from rural areas
  to cities.

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What affects did the Industrial Revolution have
on the American society?

• The rich and middle class lived in pleasant
  neighborhoods while the poor lived in tenements.
• Tenements multistory buildings divided into
  crowded apartments that had no water and no
  sanitation system- which led to the spread of
  diseases.
• Factory Life Workers usually worked 12-16 hour
  days. There was no safety devices- people would
  lose limbs, coal miners lungs were destroyed.
  Employers would have women and children because
  they were easy to control.

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What affects did the Industrial Revolution have
on the American society?

• Unions an organization of workers who act
  together to secure benefits and rights in the
  workplace.
• It was formed to helped employees, but employers
  feared them.
• To stop unions they forbid meetings, fired union
  organizers, forced employees to sign yellow dog
  contracts- workers could never strike or join a
  union, refused to bargain with unions, and
  refused to recognize unions as their workers
  legitimate representation.

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What affects did the Industrial Revolution have
on the American society?

• Unions would go on strike, which would turn
  violent.
• The Great Strike of 1877, Haymarket Affair,
  Homestead Strike, the Great Railroad Strike,
  among others, would fight against hours, factory
  conditions, and pay.
• Sherman Anti-trust act a law that disorganized
  unions, the government did not help out their
  citizens.
• NYC Triangle Shirtwaist factory was set on fire
  on March 25, 1911. 146 women died due to poor
  fire escapes, locked doors and a lack of a
  sprinkler system.

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Progressive Movement

• 1900-1920

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What was the Progressive Movement? What was its
goals? What Urban problems did reformers have to
face?
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What was the Progressive Movement, and what was
its goals?

• Progressive Movement was an effort to cure many
  of the problems of American society that had
  developed during the industrial growth in U.S. in
  the last quarter of the19th century.
• Three main goals
• 1.) to remove corruption from government by
  taming political bosses and machines.
• 2.) to include citizens more directly in the
  political process.
• 3.) that the government must play a role to solve
  social problems and establish fair business
  practices.
• It was the rejection of Social Darwinism which
  most rich business men believed in.

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What Urban Problems did reformers have to face?

• Housing poor housing tenements, row houses, no
  running water or sewage systems.
• Transportation Street cars (San Francisco) and
  Electric subways (Boston) to help transport the
  huge population
• Water Poor access to clean water- led to spread
  of diseases. By 1870 water filtration was
  introduced
• Sanitation by 1900 cities developed sewer lines
  and sanitation departments.
• Crime grew with the population and police
  officers were created.
• Fires were common due to wooden houses. In 1900
  fire men and sprinklers were common and houses
  were replaced with brick.

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What are Political machines?
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What are Political machines?

• Political Machines offered services to voters and
  businesses in exchange for political or financial
  support.
• Some bosses used their power to build parks,
  sewers systems, and waterworks or give money to
  schools, hospitals and orphanages.
• William M. Tweed (Boss Tweed) head of Tammany
  Hall, NYCs powerful Democratic party. He led
  the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians.
  He charged the city 13 million for construction
  of the NYC Courthouse, when it cost 3 million.

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What is the difference between Patronage and
Merit?
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What is the difference between Patronage and
Merit?

• Patronage the giving of government jobs to
  people who had helped a candidate get elected.
  Spoils System
• President Chester B. Arthur passed the Pendleton
  Civil Service Act of 1883.
• A bipartisan civil service commission to make
  appointments to federal jobs through a merit
  system based on candidates performance on an
  examination.

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What are Muckrakers?
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What are Muckrakers?

• Muckrakers Journalist who uncovers wrongdoing in
  politics or business
• Ida Tarbell Wrote a book called The History of
  the Standard Oil Company about John D.
  Rockefeller. The book discussed how he eliminated
  the competition and ruined the little peoples'
  lives.
• Upton Sinclair Wrote The Jungle about the
  meat packing Industry and inspired the creation
  of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act.
• Lincoln Steffens Wrote The Shame of the Cities
  about the corruption in the government.
• Jacob Riis Wrote How the Other Half Lives, it
  denounced the poverty and exploitation of the
  urban poor.

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What different laws/changes were created during
this time period?
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What different laws/changes were created during
this time period?

• FDA- Food and Drug Administration
• Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906- made many changes
  to the way that food was processed.
• All ingredients have to be listed on food
  packages.
• Labels had to be put on medicine to state what
  the purpose of it is. There were illegal
  substances in the medicine that patients did not
  know they were taking
• TR passed this measure based on reading The
  Jungle
• Meat Inspection Act had to be approved for
  consumption by the federal government, all meat
  plants inspected.

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Progressive Political Reforms Progressive Political Reforms Progressive Political Reforms
Before Reforms After
Party Leaders choose candidates for state and local offices Direct Primaries Voters select their partys candidates. Power moves to the voters.
State legislatures choose U.S. senators 17th Amendment U.S. senators are elected by popular vote. Power moves to the voters.
Only members of the state legislature can introduce bills. Initiative voters can put bills before the legislation Power moves to the voters.
Only legislators pass laws Referendum voters can vote on bills directly Power moves to the voters.
Only courts or the legislature can remove corrupt officials Recall voters can remove elected officials from office Power moves to the voters.
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Moral Changes

• 18th amendment (1919) Prohibited the manufacture
  and sale of liquor (Repealed in 1933).
• Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
  crusaded for prohibition led by Francis Willard
  and Carrie Nation
• People firmly believed that alcohol was the root
  of all evil
• 19th amendment (1920) Granted women full
  suffrage.
• Led by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
  Lucy Stone and Julia ward Howe. This group was
  divided by the 15th amendment.
• Two groups were National Woman Suffrage
  Association and Women Suffrage Association
• Led by Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul and Lucy
  Burns in the 1920s.
• Paul was forced to resigned and formed the
  Nationals Woman Party, and used strategies like
  mass marches and hunger strikes.
• August 26, 1920- 19th Amendment was passed.

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Social Changes

• Social Gospel Movement preached salvation
  through service to the poor.
• Settlement houses community centers in slum
  neighborhoods that provided assistance to people
  in the area, especially immigrants. Jane Addams
  was the founder of Hull House
• YMCA, YWCA, and the Salvation Army tried to aid
  immigrants and country folk adjust to city life
  by helping them find housing, jobs, new clothes
  and social groups.

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Who were the different Progressive Presidents?
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Who were the different Progressive Presidents?

• Theodore Roosevelt 26th President 1901-1909
• His program is known as The Square Deal, where
  poor people would have the same opportunities as
  the rich people.
• His past jobs were Assistant to the head of the
  Dept. of the Navy, Police Commissioner of NYC,
  Governor of NYC, and VP to President McKinley.
• TR was a conservationist and set aside millions
  of acres to become National Parks.
• He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.
• He was known as the Trust-buster. His mission as
  a President was to end the trusts between
  companies.
• Trust Commercial organization managed by
  appointed trustees for the benefit of one or more
  beneficiaries. 

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Who were the different Progressive Presidents?

• William Howard Taft 27th President
• Taft was able to reserve more land and brought
  more anti-trust suits during his 4 years as
  President.
• He was not a pro-active President, because he
  truly did not want to be President.
• He was hand picked by TR to be his successor.

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Who were the different Progressive Presidents?

• The Election of 1912
• TR decided to run for a 3rd term.
• Taft won the Republican nomination.
• Roosevelt with the Progressive created the
  Progressive Party or known as the Bull Moose
  Party.
• Woodrow Wilson won the Democratic Nomination.
• The vote Wilson (41) Roosevelt (29) Taft (30)
  

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Who were the different Progressive Presidents?

• Woodrow Wilson
• Past experience New Jersey Governor and
  President of Princeton University.
• His policy was New Freedom- he promised to
  enforce anti-trust laws with threatening economic
  competition.
• The Underwood Tariff Act (1913) reduced average
  tariff rates from 40 to 25.
• Passed the 16th amendment- Income tax
• 1914 Clayton Anti-trust Act stop monopolies and
  price cutting in local markets to squeeze out
  competitors was forbidden.
• Federal Reserve Act creates 12 reserve banks in
  different regions of the U.S
• Elastic Currency Create and distribute more
  money. We have more people in the U.S. need more
  money to circulate.