Cardiovascular System

1
Cardiovascular System

• Pulmonology

2
Physiology

• Arteries - carry oxygenated blood away
• 2 types
• Muscular regulate blood flow to major organs
• Elastic major blood carriers (allow for sudden
  change in blood pressure)
• Veins carry blood back to
• Small amt of muscle tissue
• Supported by muscle contraction (causes pressure)
• Presence of valves

3
Heart Action

• Diastole
• Atria ventricles relaxed
• Blood fills
• 70 of filling occurs

• Systole
• Contraction phase
• Functioning of mitral and tricuspid valves
• Stroke Volume amt pumped into aorta from a
  single contraction
• CO HR x SV

4
Factors Affecting BP

• Factor Effect Mechanism
• Blood vol Decrease Dec. fluid
• Vasodilation Decrease systemic cap. gt
  fluid volume
• Inc. extracel fluid Increase BP inc. to move
• nutrients
• Renal Failure Increase same

5
Symptoms

• Dyspnea
• Decreased CO, shortness of breath
• Palpitations
• Arrhythmia, skipped beats, fluttering
• Claudication
• Impaired gait due to decreased blood flow to LE

6
Loss of Consciousness

• Syncope - Fainting
• Sudden peripheral vasodilation (orthostatic
  syncope)
• Inc. intracranial pressure (intracranial
  bleeding)
• Severe reduction in CO (heart failure)

7
Pain Patterns

• Cardiac
• Indicative of spinal levels C3 T4
• Radiating pain down throat/neck medial side
  left arm
• Vascular
• Sharp tearing/throbbing pain

8
Assessment

• Auscultation
• 1st sound closing of mitral tricuspid valves
  ventricular systole beginning
• 2nd sound aortic pulmonary valves closing
  ventricular systole ending
• Respiration Rate
• 10 15 breaths/minute
• Blood pressure
• Systolic 100 140 mmHg
• Diastolic 70 -90 mmHg
• Consistent readings of 140/90 hypertension

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Issues of Concern

• Sudden Death
• Greater incidence in males
• Congenital issues
• Risk Factors
• Stress
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Dehydration
• Excessive BT
• Sudden cessation of activity

10
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

• Enlarged heart
• Hypertrophy in BOTH ventricles
• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Right ventricular hypertrophy
• Abnormal myocardial fibers form asymmetrical
  hypertrophy

11
Valve Disorders

• Mitral, Aortic, tricuspid, Pulmonary
• Stenosis narrowing blood flow restriction
• Prolapse allowing back flow of blood
• MVP (mitral valve prolapse)

12
Hypertension

• HTN
• Resting BP greater than 140/90 on 3 consecutive
  days
• Risk factors
• Diet
• Chronic Stress
• Obesity
• Smoking

13
Blood Disorders

• Anemia
• Decrease hemoglobin or RBC volume
• Effects on performance
• Risk factors
• Malnutrition
• Chronic disease
• Prolonged training
• Long term use of NSAIDs
• Dilutional Anemia caused by training
• ?increased blood volume but not RBC
• Temporary condition

14
Blood Disorders cont.

• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Recessive genetic trait causing abnormal shaped
  RBCs that in turn inhibit proper binding of
  oxygen
• Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
• Vascular disorder
• Occlusion of subclavian or axillary artery
• Signs/symptoms
• Cyanosis
• Adsons test

15
Blood Disorders cont.

• Deep Vein Thrombosis
• Results from long term immobilization
• Pooling of blood in veins thrombus
• Homans sign
• Headaches
• Migraine are vascular based