Abdomen

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Abdomen 1

• Human Structure and Development
• ANHB 2212 2008
• Avinash Bharadwaj

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Surface Landmarks

• Abdominal wall
• Anterolateral part of rib cage, muscular wall
• Lines (planes) of reference
• Midclavicular lines
• Horizontal
• Transpyloric 9th costal cartilages
• Transtubercular / Interspinous

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Abdominal Regions
Epigastrium
Hypochondrium
Hypochondrium
Umbilical
Lumbar
Lumbar
Iliac
Iliac
Hypogastrium
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General Disposition of Viscera

• Digestive system, peritoneum
• Paired glands and associated structures
• Blood vessels, lymphatics, lymph nodes
• Nerves

• General considerations in the study of viscera
• Location
• Peritoneal relations
• Special structural features / parts
• Blood vessels and nerves general principles
• Lymphatics (Week 9)

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Peritoneum

• Visceral and parietal layers
• Mesentery
• Blood vessels

Attachment (x) of mesentery linear roughly
follows the direction of the organ
Stomach () dorsal and ventral mesentery
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Mesenteries Direction

• Stomach (dorsal)
• Transverse colon
• Small intestine

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Peritoneum

• Liver (L)
• Stomach (S)
• Transverse colon (TC)
• Transverse mesocolon (TMC)
• Greater sac (GS)
• Lesser sac (LS)
• Greater omentum
• Supra- and infracolic compartments

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Ligaments

• Peritoneal folds
• Not true ligaments
• No supporting function

• Some special ligaments
• Ligamentum teres hepatis
• Ligamentum venosum
• Round ligament of the uterus

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Retroperitoneal structures

• Those which develop retroperitoneally
• Those which lose their mesentery

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The GI Tract Organs

• Alternate mobile and fixed regions
• Common structural plan
• Mucosa epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis
  mucosae
• Submucosa major CT layer
• Muscularis externa
• Serosa (or adventitia)
• Structure-function correlation
• Type of epithelium
• Epithelial specialisations
• Glands lamina propria or submucosa

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The Stomach

• Topographic terminology
• Anatomical parts
• Fundus, body, pyloric antrum
• Cardiac and pyloric sphincters

• Histological (functional) parts
• Acid secreting fundus body fundic part
• Non-acid secreting pyloric part
• Sphincters
• Relationship to the liver, diaphragm

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The Liver

• The essentials
• Location, diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces
• Porta hepatis
• Portal vein and its functional importance
• Hepatic veins
• Ligamentum teres and ligamentum venosum
• Portal systemic anastomoses

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Duodenum - Pancreas

• Retropritoneal structures
• The bile-pancreatic duct system
• Embryologically junctional structures

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Jejunum Ileum

• General direction
• Structural features
• No sharp boundary between two parts
• Ileum and lymphoid aggregations
• Meckels diverticulum

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The Caecum and Appendix

• Appendix a vestigial structure?
• Variable size and position
• Appendicular pain a model
• Visceral pain stimuli
• Along the sympathetic nerves ? spinal cord
• Referred to body wall structures

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The Colon

• Regions, peritoneum, flexures
• Haustration and taeniae
• Transverse colon example of variable
  relationship
• Transverse mesocolon the shelf
• Sigmoid colon

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GI Tract Blood Vessels

• Three primary arteries
• Coeliac, Superior and Inferior mesenteric
• Numerous branches
• Anastomoses and arcades
• The submucosal plexus
• Venous pattern
• Portal vein
• Entire abdominal part
• Entire abdominal part drains into the liver

Last Slide