Motivating and Leading

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Motivating and Leading
Chapter 11
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Cross-Cultural Research on Motivation

• Motivation is very much a function of the context
  of a persons work and personal life. That
  context is greatly influenced by cultural
  variables, which affect the attitudes and
  behaviors of individuals (and groups) on the job.

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Cross-Cultural Research on Motivation(contd.)

• Some generalized assumptions about motivation
  based on Hofstedes research
• Uncertainty avoidance
• Power distance
• individualism vs. Collectivism
• High masculinity vs. Feminine culture

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Work Centrality

• Work centrality is defined as the degree of
  general importance that working has in the life
  of an individual at any given point in time.
• The higher the mean work centrality score, the
  more motivated and committed the workers would be.

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The Meaning of Work (MOW) Research

• Functions satisfied by work
• Work provides a needed income
• Is interesting and satisfying
• Provides contacts with others
• Facilitates a way to serve society
• Keeps one occupied
• Gives status and prestige
• The MOW team looked at the score for each
  function for various countries

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Motivation Theories in the International Context

• How applicable are motivation theories proposed
  by Maslow and Herzberg in the international
  context?
• Haire, Ghiselli and Porters survey concluded
  that Maslows needs, in particular the
  upper-level ones, are important at the managerial
  level, although the managers reported that the
  degree to which their needs were fulfilled did
  not live up to their expectations.
• Ronen concluded that need clusters are constant
  across nationalities and that Maslows need
  hierarchy is confirmed by these clusters. Also,
  Herzbergs categories are confirmed by the
  cross-national need clusters..

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The Need Hierarchy in the International Context

• Ronens need clusters
• Job goals, such as working area, work time,
  physical working conditions, fringe benefits, and
  job security
• relationships with co-workers and supervisors
  and
• work challenges and opportunities for using
  skills.

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Roles Played by Managers on International
Assignments

• A representative of the parent firm
• The manager of the local firm
• A resident of the local community
• A citizen of either the host country or of
  another country
• A member of a profession
• A member of a family

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Variables in the Leaders Role

• The content of leadership comprises the
  attributes of the leader and the decisions to be
  made
• The context of leadership comprises all those
  variables related to the particular situation.

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Factors Affecting Leadership Abroad(Exhibit 11-7)

• Content
• Context

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Culturally-Contingent Beliefs Regarding Effective
Leadership Styles

• Sample comments made by managers from various
  countries
• Americans
• The Dutch
• Arabs
• Iranians
• Malaysians
• The French