Motivation

1
Motivation

• Lecture 10

2
Motivation definition

• It is a set of forces that cause people to behave
  in certain ways
• It is the reason to take certain action
• Motivation can be internal and external.

3
Approaches to motivation

• Historical approach
• Taylor is representative of it. He thought that
  economic incentive is the primary one that
  motivates the individual. Money is the only
  motivation factor according to this approach.
• Work is inherently unpleasant for workers and the
  money they earn is more important than the job
  they are performing

4
Motivation as a process
It begins with a deficiency for the individual.
There is some need to be satisfied and it leads
to feeling of deficiency. Next step is searching
of ways to satisfy needs Choice of behaviour to
satisfy need Evaluation of need
satisfaction Determination of future needs and
search of choice for satisfaction
5
Human relations approach

• The emphasis is on the social processes. The
  employees want to feel important and useful at
  their workplace, want to belong to certain social
  group and these needs are more important than
  money.
• Managers should involve employees in the decision
  making process,keep them informed about all
  changes in organizations.

6
Human resources approach

• People want to contribute to the organizations
  and are able to make genuine contributions.
  Managements task is to encourage participation
  and create work environment that makes full use
  of available resources. It is related to
  motivation of employees.

7
Content perspectives of motivation

• Content perspectives deal with internal processes
  of motivations. They represent the needs of
  people. They answer the questionWhat factors
  motivate people?
• They are represented by the following theories
• Maslows need hierarchy
• Two-factor theory

8
Maslows theory of motivation

• People are motivated to satisfy various needs and
  these needs are arranged in a hierarchy of
  importance. There are the following needs
• Physiological needs( food, water, sleep)
• Security needs, i.e. needs for secure physical
  and emotional environment( secure home, job
  stability)
• Belonginess needs. They are related to social
  processes.
• Esteem needs includes need of a positive
  self-image and self-respect and need for
  recognition and respect from others.
• Self-actualization needs. It is the potential for
  growth that the person has.

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Disadvantages of Maslows theory

• People are motivated by different needs at the
  same time.
• You do not have to satisfy primary needs in order
  to be motivated by higher needs.
• Needs are constantly appearing.

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ERG theory of motivation

• The author of it is Alderfer. The needs are the
  following
• Existence needs. They correspond to the security
  and physiological needs of Maslow.
• Relatedness needs focus on how people relate to
  the social environment.
• Growth needs correspond to self-esteem and
  self-actualization needs.

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Advantages of Alderfers theory

• More than one level of needs can motivate at the
  same time
• It has frustration-regression model. If needs
  remain unsatisfied at higher level, the
  individual will become more frustrated and
  regress to the lower model.

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Two-factor theory

• It is developed by Herzberg.
• There are two group of factors, affecting the
  behaviour of a person
• Motivational factors
• Hygienic factors.
• Hygienic factors are not motivating ones. They
  must be provided and managers should ensure that
  they are not deficient.

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Hygienic factors

• They include pay and security, safe working
  conditions, acceptable technical supervision,
  good company policy and administration.

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Motivational factors

• Factors that motivate workers are
• achievement
• Recognition
• The work itself
• Responsibility
• Advancement and growth.

15
Process perspectives on motivation

• The process theories view motivation as an
  external process.they focus on why people choose
  certain behavioural options to fulfill their
  needs and how they evaluate their satisfaction
  after they have attained their goals.
• The popular theories include expectancy theory
  and equity theory.

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Expectancy theory

• Motivation is determined by how much we want
  something and how likely we think we are going to
  get it.
• The behaviour is determined by a combination of
  forces in the individual and in the environment
• People make decisions about their own behaviour
  in the organizations.
• Different people have different types of needs,
  desires and goals.
• People make choices among alternative plans of
  behaviour based on their perception of the extent
  to which a given behaviour is leading to a
  certain outcome.

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Effort- to- performance

• The basic idea is individuals perception of the
  probability that his or her effort will lead to
  high performance.
• When the individual believes that his effort will
  lead to high performance, expectancy will be
  quite strong

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Performance-to-outcome expectancy

• It is the individual perception that his or her
  performance will lead to a specific outcome.
• If the individual believes that gigh performance
  will result in pay rise, his performance-tooutcome
  expectancy is high.

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Outcomes and valences

• Expectancy theory recognizes that individual may
  experince a variety of outcomes or rewards in an
  organizational setting.
• Valence is an index of how much an individual
  desires a particular outcome, it is the
  attractiveness of the outcome to the individual.

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Motivational programs

• Behaviour modification. It has five stages
• The manager specifies behaviours that are to be
  increased
• These target behaviours are measured to establish
  a baseline against the effectiveness of behaviour
  modification
• Then manager analyzes the situation to ascertain
  what rewards subordinates value and how to tie
  these rewards with the target behaviour.

21
Work redesign

• Changing the nature of the task-related
  activities is being used as motivational
  technique
• It takes the form of
• Job rotation
• Job enlargement
• Job characteristics approach
• Autonomous work groups.

22
Group task

• You are going to motivate the staff in the
  restaurant with Bulgarian cuisine. Work in groups
  and write motivation program for the people
  involved in it.