Classical Greece

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ClassicalGreece Rome

• Chapter 4

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• Vocabulary
• 1. Pericles
• 2. Alexander the Great
• 3. Hellenistic Period
• 4. Punic Wars
• 5. Julius Caesar
• 6. Constantine
• 7. Carthage
• 8. Roman Republic
• 9. Senate
• 10. Consuls
• 11. Aristotle
• 12. Iliad
• 13. King Xerxes

14. Themistocles 15. Thermopylae 16.
Peloponnesian Wars 17. Philip II of Macedon 18.
Hannibal 19. Augustus Caesar 20. Polis 21.
Tyranny 22. Direct Democracy 23. Aristocracy 24.
Twelve Tables 25. Ptolemy
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• I. The Persian Tradition
• A. Cyrus the Great
• 1. Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.
• 2. Powerful, but little lasting
  influence on Greece
• II. Patterns of Greek and Roman History
• A. Greece
• 1. Crete
• 2. Mycenae

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• 3. City States develop after destruction of
  Mycenae
• a. Why was this a form of government that
  worked?
• b. poleis (polis)
• c. Sparta (military aristocracy) and
  Athens (direct democracy) were
  the leaders
• 4. Olympics
• a. Religious to honor the gods

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• 5. Persian Wars
• a. 490 BCE Darius invades and
  loses the Battle of Marathon
• b. 480 BCE Xerxes invades
• --Thermopylae
• --Salamis

Allows the Greek City-States to remain
independent!
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• 6. Pericles
• a. Athenian statesman instituted many
  democratic reforms
• 7. Peloponnesian Wars (431404 B.C.E.)
• a. Sparta vs. Athens
• b. Severely weakened bothmade them
  vulnerable to attack

Greece and Greek Colonies
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• 8. Philip II of Macedon (359336 B.C.E.) and
  Alexander the Great
• a. Conquered most of the Greek City states
• b. Alexander conquered up to India and Egypt

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• 9. Hellenistic Period (323100 B.C.E.) Greeks
  were known as Hellenes
• a. Through the conquests of the Greeks, their
  culture and art were mixed with many other
  civilizations. This extended their
  influence through areas well outside their
  borders.
• -- Ex Alexandria in Egypt

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• B. Rome
• 1. Roman Republic
• 1st 500 years
• a. Punic Wars (264146 B.C.E.)
• --Vs. Carthage
• --Former Phoenician colony
• --Hannibal Carthagenian
  General during the 2nd Punic
  War
• --Roman victory allowed them to seize
  all Western Med. trade

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• b. Julius Caesar
• --Was a senator/consul/general
• --became rich in Gaul (France)
• --Won civil war ? became dictator
• --End of republic

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• 2. Empire Last 500 years
• a. Augustus Caesar (27 B.C.E. 14 C.E.)
• --First Roman Emperor
• b. Marcus Aurelius Emperor at the end of the
  Pax Romana a 200 year period of peace and
  prosperity
• c. After Aurelius the empire began a
  slow, but sure downfall
• d. Constantine
• --Converted to Christianity

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• III. Greek and Roman Political Institutions
• A. Greece
• 1. PolisCity-statePolitics
• a. Citizenship actively participated in govt
• 2. Democracy originated in Ancient Greece
• a. demos, the peopleDemocracy
• 3. Oligarchyrule of a few powerfule people

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• B. Romes Republic
• 1. Government
• a. Senate Aristocratic branchdominated
• b. Consuls basically kingseach held veto
  power over the other
• --Could be chosen dictator in times of
  crisis
• c. Assemblies of the peopleused to choose
  representatives for the senate
• 2. Law codes Romes first code of laws
• a. 12 Tables 450 B.C.E.
• --Gave protection to the peopleno longer
  would justice be administered on a whim.
  Even the upper classes would be subject to
  the law.

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• IV. Religion and Culture
• A. Pantheon
• 1. Zeus, Apollo, Neptune, Mars, Venus

Greek/Roman Gods Zeus/Jupiter Lord of the sky and
supreme ruler of the gods. Known for throwing
lightening bolts. Poseidon/Neptune Ruler of the
sea. Brother of Zeus. Carried a three-pronged
spear known as a trident. Ares/Mars God of war
and son of Zeus and Hera. Likes vultures and
dogs. Athena/Minerva Daughter of Zeus alone. She
sprang from his head full-grown and in full
armor. The protector of civilized life,
handicrafts, and agriculture. Invented the
bridle, and first to tame the horse. Likes
Athens, olives, and owls. Apollo/Apollo Son of
Zeus. Master musician, archer god, healer, god of
light, god of truth, sun god. A busy god who
likes the laurel tree, dolphins, and crows.
Aphrodite/Venus Daughter of Zeus. Goddess of
Love and Beauty. Likes the myrtle tree, doves,
sparrows, and swans.
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• B. Mystery Religions
• 1. These developed as alternatives to the main
  godsusually amongst the common people. They
  often desired a divine power.
• C. Philosophy
• 1. Socrates Taught through questioning
• 2. Plato Pupil of Socrates
• a. Believed that humans had intellectual
  capacity to achieve true understanding
• 3. Aristotle Pupil of Plato
• a. Wrote on subjects from politics to
  physics

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• D. Sciences
• 1. Ptolemy Believed in a geocentric, not
  heliocentric model of the universe
• 2. Pythagoras Early geometric mathematics
• E. Literature
• 1. Sappho (600 B.C.E.) Greek female poet
• 2. Sophocles Greek playwright famous for
  his drama, Oedipus
• 3. Iliad, Odyssey Greek epic plays
• F. Arts
• 1. Phidias Greek sculptorrealistic versions
  of the human form

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• V. Economy and Society in the Mediterranean
• A. Agriculture
• 1. Poor soils led away from production of
  food crops such as wheat
• 2. Market farms produced crops to
  sellforced farmers to buy their own food
  since they sold their grapes, olives, etc.
• B. Trade
• 1. Grain Mainly controlled by the government
  since supplies were vital to survival
• 2. Luxuries Mainly for upper classes

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• C. Society
• 1. Slavery
• a. Was common from the time of early Greece in
  the Mediterranean
• --Domestic work, agriculture, etc.
• b. Justified military expansion in the Roman
  Empire
• c. Eventually helped with the fall of Rome
  since free farmers couldnt compete with farms
  that used slave labor
• 2. Family Patriarchal in both Greece and Rome
• a. Women treated better than China

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• VI. Leading to the Fall of Rome
• A. Complex Legacy many civilizations later
  revived parts of the Greco-Roman culture. It
  was not brought back by one civilization, but
  many.