Chapter 18 The Rise of Russia

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Chapter 18 The Rise of Russia

• Moscow took the lead in liberating Russia from
  the Mongols in the 14th c.
• Ivan III gave his government a military focus and
  used a blend of nationalism and the Orthodox
  Christian religion to succeed in creating a large
  independent state.
• Ivan III (the Great) Prince of the duchy of
  Moscow responsible for freeing Russia from the
  Mongols took the title of tsar
• Third Rome Russia, with Moscow as its capital,
  claimed to be the successor of the Roman and
  Byzantine empires

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Siberia ? Permafrost

• Average temperatures of January vary from 0
  to -50C, and in July from 1 to 25C
• 150,000,000 population.

• A former gulag Soviet prison camp.

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The Mongols Invade Russia
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Themes in Russian History

• Expansion by conquest.
• Need for warm-water ports.
• The necessity of a strong, central government.

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Early Byzantine InfluencesOrthodox Christianity
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Early Byzantine InfluencesOrthodox Christianity
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Early Russia
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• Mongols, content to leave local administration
  in indigenous hands, and not reshape Russian
  culture
• Literacy declined and the economy became purely
  agricultural and dependent on peasant labor
• Ivan III, restored the tradition of centralized
  rule, added a sense of imperial mission
• Claimed supervision of all Orthodox churches
• Boyars the Russian nobles

Ivan the Great
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• Ivan IV (The Terrible) Confirmed power of
  tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of
  the boyars continued policy of expansion
  established contacts western European commerce
  and culture
• Ivan IV, continued the policy of expansion
• Increased the power of the tsar by killing many
  of the nobility (boyars)
• Cossacks Peasant adventurers with agricultural
  and military skills recruited to conquer and
  settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia
  and Siberia

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• Time of Troubles Early 17th century period of
  boyar efforts to regain power and foreign
  invasion after the death of Ivan IV withut an
  heir ended with the selection of Michael Romanov
  as tsar in 1613

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• The Russians moved across their regions vast
  plains to the Caspian Sea and Ural Mountains

• Russia became a multicultural state
• The large Muslim population was not forced to
  assimilate to Russian culture

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Russian Expansion
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Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645)
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Romanov Dynasty(1613-1917)
Romanov Family Crest
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Russia Sweden After the Great Northern War
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• Romanov dynasty Ruled Russia from 1613-1917
• Boyar chose a member of the Romanov family,
  Michael as tsar after the Time of Troubles
• Michael restored internal order, drove out the
  foreign invaders, and recommenced imperial
  expansin
• Alexis Romanov- Second ruler of the dynasty
  abolished assemblies of nobles gained new powers
  over the Orthodox church

Alexis Romanov
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Russian Boyars

• Alexis increased the tsars authority by
  abolishing the assemblies of nobles (Boyars) and
  restoring state control over the church

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Early Byzantine InfluencesCyrillic Alphabet
Old Believers Russians who refused to accept
the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov
many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia
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Novgorod
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Alexander Nevsky 1220-1263
Battle on the Ice(Neva River) Against the Swedes
TeutonicKnight
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Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505)
Ivan III Tearing the Great Khans Letter
Requesting More Tribute in 1480.
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Russia in the Late 1500s
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Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)

• Peter I (the Great) Tsar from 1689-1725
  continued growth of absolutism and conquest
  sought to change selected aspects of the economy
  and culture through imitation of western European
  models

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• Peter was an autocratic ruler revolts were
  brutally suppressed
• Peter increased the power of the state by forming
  a Western type military force
• A secret police was created to prevent dissent
  and watch over the bureaucracy
• A successful war with Sweden gave Russia a window
  on the Baltic Sea

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• Peters capitol moved to the Baltic city of St.
  Petersburg
• The first Russian navy was created
• The bureaucracy and military were reorganized on
  Western principles
• Nobles had to shave their beards and dress in
  Western style

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• Peter attempted to provide increased education in
  mathematics and technical subject
• Law codes were systematized and the tax system
  reformed to increase the burdens on the peasantry
• Westernization meant to Peter the encouragement
  of autocratic rule
• St. Petersburg Baltic city that was made the
  new capital of Russia by Peter I

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• Catherine the Great German-born Russian
  tsarina combined selective Enlightenment ideas
  with strong centralizing policies converted the
  nobility to a service aristocracy by granting
  them new power over the peasantry
• Partition of Poland three separate divisions of
  Polish territory among Russian, Prussia, and
  Austria in 1772,1793,and 1795 eliminated Poland
  as an independent state

• Pugachev Rebellion Unsuccessful peasant rising
  led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1779s typical
  of peasant unrest during the 18th c. and
  thereafter

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• Catherine used the Pugachev peasant rebellion as
  an excuse to extend central government authority
• Catherine was also a Westernizer and brought
  Enlightenment ideas to Russia, but centralization
  and strong royal authority wre more important to
  her than Western reform.

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• Catherine continued patronage of Western art and
  Architecture, but the French Revolution caused
  her to ban foreign and domestic political writing
• Russian expansionist policies continued
• Territories, including the Crimea on the Black
  Sea, wre gained in central Asia from the Ottomans

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• Built by Catherine the Great
• Westernization Process in which traditional
  cultures come under the influence of Western
  culture
• Serfdom Institution in which a peasant is
  attached to a feudal estate

• Catherine pushed colonization in Siberian and
  claimed Alaska
• Russian explorers went down the North American
  coast into northern California

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The Pendulum of Russian History
Pro-WestFor Progress ChangeEncourage New
Ideas,Technologies, etc.
Anti-WestIsolationistXenophobicUltra-Conservati
ve

• Most Tsars
• Russian Orthodox Church
• Military
• Boyars
• peasants

• A few Tsars
• Intellectual elites
• Merchants/businessmen
• Young members of the middle class.

REFORM-MINDEDLEADER
DEMAGOGUE
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• Before the Mongol conquest, Russias peasantry
  had been relative free
• A 1649 act made serfdom hereditary other 17th
  and 18th century laws tied serfs to the land and
  augmented the legal rights of landlords
• Slaves were almost slaves they were bought, sold
  and punished by owners

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• Peasant discontent was more significant, they
  remained loyal to the tsar, but blamed landlords
  for the harshness of their lives
• Russias emergence as a key player in both Europe
  and Asia was a crucial development in the early
  modern era

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