Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800

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Chapter 20 Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800
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Japanese Reunification

• Civil War and the Invasion of Korea,
• The Tokugawa Shogunate, to 1800
• Japan and the Europeans
• Elite Decline and Social Crisis

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The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires

• The Ming Empire, 15001644
• Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Qing
• Trading Companies and Missionaries
• Emperor Kangxi
• Chinese Influences on Europe
• Tea and Diplomacy
• Population and Social Stress

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The Russian Empire

• The Drive Across Northern Asia
• Russian Society and Politics to 1725
• Peter the Great
• Consolidation of the Empire

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Japan early years

• Japan has a history that dates back thousands of
  years. Scientists believe the Japanese people
  descended from many groups that migrated to the
  islands from other parts of Asia, including China
  and Korea. As early as 4500 B.C., the Japanese
  islands were inhabited by fishermen, hunters and
  farmers. The early culture was known as "Jomon,"
  which meant "cord pattern."

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• Japan
• Civil War the invasion of Korea (1500-1603)
• Daimyo?
• Warlords who had their own town, a small
  bureaucracy and army.
• Samurai?
• members of a powerful military caste in feudal
  Japan who were in service to the Daimyo
• Japan attacked Korea
• - Hoping to conquer Korea and China
• - Turtle boats
• - Weakened Korea and strengthened
• Manchus

Tokugawa Shogunate (to 1800) - Strong more
centralized government
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• The Samurai rose out of the continuing battles
  for land among three main clans. The Samurai
  eventually became a class unto themselves between
  the 9th and 12th centuries A.D. They were called
  by two names Samurai (knights-retainers) and
  Bushi (warriors). They gave complete loyalty to
  their Daimyo (feudal landowners) and received
  land and position in return. Each Daimyo used his
  Samurai to protect his land
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vqZl2M8BLERs

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Japan and the Europeans

• Jesuits arrive late 1500s
• Limited success in converting
• Rural rebellion (1630s) was blamed on Christians
  
• Tokugawas (family that held the shogunate and
  controlled Japan from 1603 to 1867) ban
  Christianity, and close Japan to Europeans
• Even placed restrictions on of Chinese traders

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• Elite decline social crisis
• Rice economy transformation from military to
  civil society
• - - Samurai hurting financially living on
  credit
• - Stability of Samurai linked to stability of
  Shogun
• - agriculture vs. merchants
• 1603-1800 Economy grew faster than population

Forty-Seven Ronin incident - Tradition vs civil
authority - Tradition gives way, Ronin allowed
to commit seppuku
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• Late Ming and Early Qing Empires
• The Ming Empire
• Economic Growth
• Demand for Ming porcelain (china)
• Little ice age effected Chinas agriculture
  political stability
• Government policies and corruption lead to
  collapse
• Ming Collapse and the rise of the Qing
• Mongols Mongolia
• Unified in devotion to Dalai Lama (Tibetan
  Buddhism)
• 1600 Galdan restores them to military power
• Manchus Manchuria
• Japanese sought their help in 1592-1598 invasion
• 1644 claimed China for their own when asked to
  help Ming general
• Establish Qing Empire and adopt Chinese
  institutions and policies

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• Trade and missionaries
• Trade
• Portuguese first on scene (1513), embassy (1517),
  expelled (1522)
• Portuguese trade from Macao (1557)
• Spanish traded from outpost in Taiwan (1662),
  then Manila
• Dutch East India Company (VOC) displaced
  Portuguese
• Willing to kowtow to emperor,(will maintain trade
  privileges)
• Missionaries in China
• Franciscans, Dominicans (lower classes), and
  Jesuits (elites)
• Matteo Ricci mastered language classics,
  coopted Chinese culture into Catholicism
• Jesuits also introduced latest science/technology

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• Emperor Kangxi (child prodigy)
• Period of economic, military, cultural
  achievement
• Repaired infrastructure, encouraged trade
• Contact with Russia Amur River
• Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) Jesuits used as
  interpreters
• Fixed border along Amur river, regulated trade
• Kangxi led troops to defeat Galdan and take
  Mongolia (1691)
• http//www.dartmouth.edu/qing/WEB/GALDAN.html
• Christian compromises
• Tolerated Confucian ancestor worship
• Becomes a wedge, ultimately leads to missionaries
  expulsion

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• Chinese influences on Europe
• Silk, tea, wallpaper, porcelain, jade, room
  dividers, fans, ivory all via Canton
• Qing political philosophy championed by
  Voltaire as a model ruler
• Tea diplomacy
• Macartney Mission
• British trade imbalance favoring China
• Sorry, but I dont need you (letter to England)
• Environmental Deterioration
• Population growth intensified demand for food
• Building leads to deforestation
• Infrastructure not maintained, corruption,
  inefficiency

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• The Russian Empire
• Drive across Northern Asia
• Rise of Muscovy
• Annexed Novgorod in (1478), threw off Mongol yoke
  (1480)
• Expanded South East by Ivan IV, eventually to
  Ural Mts
• Promoted Moscow as 3rd Rome, Tsar (Caesar)

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Ivan the Terrible

• described as intelligent and devout, yet given to
  rages and prone to episodic outbreaks of mental
  illness.

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• Problem of seaport(s)
• Only seaport (Arkhangelsk) frozen most of year
• Crimean Turks to south, Sweden to northwest
• Siberia to the east untapped riches (esp fur)

http//www.worldology.com/Europe/europe_history_md
.htm
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• First real attempt - Strogonov fur traders, move
  across Siberia all the way to Alaska
• Tsars political control follows slowly uses
  Siberia as a penal colony

• Diversity of Siberia

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• Romanovs
• Time of Troubles Swedish/Polish forces in
  Moscow
• Boyars (Nobles) support Mikhail Romanov (start of
  Romanov dynasty)
• Serfs
• Tied to land, hereditary
• Largest of population

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• Russian society politics to 1725
• Cossacks bands/tribes living north of Black
  Caspian Seas
• More loyal to chieftain than political ruler
• Used in the conquest of Siberia
• Used to defend Russia from invaders

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• The Russian Empire continued
• Peter the Great greatest of the Romanovs
• Westernization
• Traveled in disguise across Europe collecting
  technology
• Realized that Trade to spend on military
• Why the big emphasis on Westernization?

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• Great Northern War (Sweden) gives Russia access
  to Baltic
• Uses Scorched Earth Policy to defeat Charles XII
• St. Petersburg Window to the West
• Peters statement to Europe
• One ups which French monarch
• Upwards of 100,000 serfs die building it
• http//www.saint-petersburg.com/video/index.asp
• Elites forced to move to St. Petersburg, dress
  European
• Why?
• Women in public, education opened up
• Imitates Prussian Military
• Why Prussia?

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No horse!
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Moscow St. Petersburg
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Growth of Russia
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Oprichniki