Kingdom Eumycota

1
Chapter 5

• Kingdom Eumycota
• Phylum Dikaryomycota
• Subphylum Basidiomycotina

2
Introduction

• Things in Common with Ascomycotina
• Haploid nuclei in somatic hyphae
• Chitinous cell walls
• Regularly septate hyphae
• Central pores in hyphal septa
• Anastamosing hyphae
• Complex, macroscopic, sexual fruit bodies
• Dikaryophase

3
Introduction

• Specialized mechanism for spore discharge
• Share common ancestor with Ascomycotina

4
Introduction

• Ascomycotina-Basidiomycotina Differences
• Hyphal walls
• Single wall in basidios
• Double wall in ascos
• Septa
• Ascomycotina
• Single hole with Woronin body on each side of pore

5
Introduction

• Basidiomycotina
• Prevent movement of nuclei from one cell to
  another
• Holobasidiomycetes and Phragmobasidiomycetes
• Dolipore apparatus (bumbell shaped)
• Covered on both sides of septum with parenthesome

6
Introduction

• Teliomycetes
• Simple without dolipore
• Pullywheel inclusion

7
Introduction

• Septa
• Ascomycotina
• Basidiomycotina
• Dolipore
• Pulleywheel

8
Introduction

• Dikaryophase
• Ascomycotina
• Only after ascogenous hyphae develop from
  ascogonium and the formation of ascoma
• Restricted dikaryophase
• Basidiomycotina
• Compatible hyphae anastamose plasmogamy occurs

9
Introduction

• Dikaryotic hyphae emerge from the
  anastamosis/plasmogamy event
• Extended dikaryophase
• Clamp Connections
• Ascomycotina a crozier
• Occurs at the base of the ascus only
• Insures one of each kind of nucleus in the ascus

10
Introduction

• Basidiomycotina, a clamp connection
• In many basidios, forms throughout the
  dikaryophase mycelium
• In other basidios, not at all.

11
Croziers and Clamps
Crozier
Clamp
12
Introduction

• Basidia
• Ascomycotina absent
• Basidiomycotina present
• Clamp may/may not occur at the base
• Club-shaped cell, narrow at base broad at the
  end baseball bat shaped but shorter

13
Introduction

• Sterigmata horn-like extensions of the distal
  basidial wall upon which basidiospores develop
• Karyogamy and meiosis occur in basidium
• Nuclear products of meiosis migrate through
  sterigmata into newly forming spores

14
Croziers and Clamps
Crozier
Clamp
15
Basidium and Basidiospores
Sterigma
16
Class Holobasidiomycetes

• General Characteristics
• Holobasidium one which is not subdivided into
  separate cells each with a sterigma
• Series based upon what tissue develps basidia
• 19 orders, 10 covered in text
• A few orders will be covered in class

17
Class HolobasidiomycetesSeries

• Series Hymenomycetae
• Basidia develop on a layer of tissue (the
  hymenium)
• Hymenium exposed to the atmosphere
• Basidiospores forcibly discharged from basidia

18
Class HolobasidiomycetesSeries

• Series Gasteromycetae
• Basidia and basidiospores enclosed and isolated
  from the environment
• Hymenium not present
• Basidiospores not forcibly discharged but escape
  when basidioma decays or dries at maturity

19
Class HolobasidiomycetesOrders

• Order Exobasidiales
• Basidioma absent, basidia arise from host tissue
• Order Dacrymycetales
• jelly fungi
• Gelatinous basidioma, amorphous
• Conspicuous in wet weather, shriveled up in dry
  weather
• Basidia have tuning fork shape

20
Atypical Holobasidiomycetes

• Exobasidiales

• Dacrymycetales

21
Atypical Holobasidiomycetes

• Dacrymycetales

• Tuning fork basidia

22
Typical Holobasidiomycetes

• Aphyllophorales
• Def basidiomycetes without gills
• Eight families
• Saprobe growing on organic matter
• On wood, dead
• On wood products in buildings

23
Order Aphyllophorales

• Church built in 1800s
• Flooring of wood decayed by species below
• A dry rot
• 30,000 to build
• 1 million to repair floor

24
Order Aphyllophorales

• Basidiomata are diverse
• Resupinate spreading out (flattened) on a wood
  surface
• Hymenium smooth, wrinkled, cracked, or toothed
• Basidiospores smooth, colorless to pale,
  non-amyloid (purple-black in iodine solution)

25
Aphyllophorales Diversity

• Resupinates

26
Aphyllophorales Diversity

• Coral and club fungi

• Family Clavariaceae

27
Aphyllophorales Diversity

• Chanterelles

• Family Cantharellaceae

28
Aphyllophorales Diversity

• Bracket or Shelf fungi

• Family Polyporaceae

29
Aphyllophorales Diversity
30
Order Agaricales

• General Information
• 300 genera and 10,000 species
• Agarics mushrooms and toadstools
• Mushrooms good to eat
• Toadstools poisonous
• Tote German for death
• Stuhl German for chair

31
Order Agaricales

• Basidiomata
• Fructifications basidiomata production
• Ephemeral last a short period of time
• Arise from perennial mycelium

32
Order Agaricales

• Basidioma

33
Order Agaricales

• Basidoma terms
• Pileus the cap
• Stipe the stem
• Gills or lamellae sheets of hymenium tissue
  suspended beneath the cap agarics only
• Tubes tubular hymenium tissue suspended beneath
  the cap boletes (family Boletaceae) only

34
Order Agaricales

• Universal veil membranous tissue surrounding the
  developing basidioma
• Warts remnants of universal veil present on the
  pileus
• Volva swollen base which was part of the
  universal veil
• Universal veil and volva usually found in Amanita
  sp.

35
Order Agaricales

• Partial veil membranous tissue connecting pileus
  with stipe underneath the pileus
• Annulus remnant of the partial veil appearing as
  a ring of tissue on the stipe

36
Order Agaricales

• Pileus
• Stipe
• Universal veil
• Volva
• Annulus
• Warts
• gills

37
Order Agaricales

• Lifestyles
• Saprobes live on decaying plant material
• Symbionts form mutualism with vascular plant
  roots
• Ectomycorrhizae fungal hyphae live on outside of
  root and in root cortex surrounding but not
  penetrating cells absorb nutrients

38
Order Agaricales

• Families
• Agaricaceae
• Characteristics
• Annulus
• Lacks a volva
• Spore prints vary in color

39
Family Agaricaceae
Agaricus
Leucoagaricus naucinus
Macrolepiota rachodes
Note annulus and lack of a volva
40
Order Agaricales

• Family Amanitaceae
• White spore print
• Annulus from partial veil
• Universal veil and volva

41
Family Amanitaceae
Amanita calyptra
Amanita fulva
Amanita virosa
Note annulus, partial veil, and universal veil
42
Order Agaricales

• Family Boletaceae
• Tubular agarics
• Some authorities consider the tubular form of
  hymenium so different as to recognize it at the
  order rank (Boletales)

43
Family Boletaceae
Boletus frostii
Suillus spraguei
Tylopilus cartagoensis
Note tubular hymenium (pores)
44
Series Gasteromycetae

• General Characteristics
• Sequestrate fungi fungal fruit bodies which have
  . . .
• evolved from exposed hymenia and forcibly
  discharged spores,
• a closed or even hypogeous habit
• the spores are retained in the fruit body
  (non-shooting spores) until it decays or is eaten
  by an animal vector

45
Series Gasteromycetes

• Classification and Orders
• Characteristics
• Non-shooting holobasidia
• Orders based upon method of spore dispersal

46
Series Gasteromycetes

• Order Sclerodermatales
• Characteristics
• Sclera tough, thickened
• Derma skin
• Gleba spore mass has spore-containing cavities
  (locules), no real hymenium
• Powdery at maturity
• Basidioma without osteole (hole)

47
Order Sclerodermatales
Pisolithus tinctorius
Scleroderma sp.
Note locules
Note thick skin
48
Order Lycoperdales

• Characteristics
• Puffballs and earthstars
• Powdery gleba
• Spore mass khaki colored
• Apical osteole

49
Order Lycoperdales
Astraeus pteridis 
Lycoperdon pyriforme
Geastrum sp.
50
Order Phallales

• Characteristics
• Stinkhorns
• Spore dispersal by animal vectors
• Flies (Order Diptera) mostly
• Begin life as an egg shell (peridium)
• Hatching elongates the basidioma which can be
  quite elaborate

51
Order Phallales
Mutinus
Dictyophora
Phallus
52
Class Phragmobasidiomycetes

• Characteristics
• Basidia borne on a basidioma
• Basidia divided by septa, each with a sterigma
  and basidiospore
• Cruciately septate basidia septa formed along
  the long axis
• Transversely septate basidia septa formed across
  the long axis

53
Class Phragmobasidiomycetes
Cruciately septate basidia
Tremellodon sp.
Tremella sp.
54
Class Teliomycetes

• Characteristics
• No basidioma
• Simple septal pores with pulley wheel occlusions
• Order Uredinales rust fungi
• Order Ustilaginales smut fungi

55
Order Uredinales rust fungi

• Obligately biotrophic (parasitic)
• Narrow host ranges
• Coevolved with host
• Macrocyclic rust five different kinds of spores
  each with a different phase of the life cycle
• Heteroecious rust alternate hosts in life cycle
  

56
Puccinia graminis Life Cycle Black stem rust of
wheat
(Stage 0)
Barberry (Berberis) Leaves

• Spermagonia
• Spermatia
• and receptive
• hyphae

Basidiospores () and (-)
Monokaryotic mycelia
Upper leaf surface
Lower leaf surface
57
Puccinia graminis Life CycleBlack stem rust of
wheat
Stage I

• Spermatia (n)
• receptive hyphae
• plasmogamy
• diakryon

Aecia (n n)
Aeciospores (n n)
Barberry (Berberis) Leaves
Lower leaf surface
58
Puccinia graminis Life CycleBlack stem rust of
wheat
On Triticum (wheat)
New Wheat Plants

• Germinate ? (nn)
• Uredinia ?
• Uredospores (n n)

Telia ? Teliospores ? Karyogamy ? 2n
teliospores
Over Winter
Stage II
Stage III
59
Puccinia graminis Life CycleBlack stem rust of
wheat

• Teliospores ? germinate
• Basidium ? meiosis?
• basidiospores

Stage IV
60
Order Uredinales

• Cereal rusts extensively studied
• Heteroecious rusts may alternate between
  gymnosperm and angiosperm hosts