KINGDOM EUMYCOTA - The True Fungi

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KINGDOM EUMYCOTA - The True Fungi

• Phylum Basidiomycota
• Disclaimer Keep in mind that new systems that
  new information is changing our current
  understanding of how fungi are phylogenetically-re
  lated and should be taxonomically arranged.

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Phylum Basidiomycota

• Characteristics
• Septate mycelium
• Basidia and basidiospores
• Clamp connections. Not all Basidiomycetes
  produce these, but when a fungus does it will
  always be a basidiomycete.

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Basidiomycetes

• Characteristics
• Two main groups, based on morphology of basidia.
• Basidia are septate and deeply lobed
• Order Uredinales the rusts
• Produce all five spore stages aeciospores,
  uredospores, teliospores, basidiospores and
  spermatia (aka pycniospores)
• Important genera Puccinia, Gymnosporangium
• Order Ustilaginales the smuts
• Produce only basidiospores and teliospores
• Important genera Ustilago, Tilletia

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Basidiomycetes

• Characteristics
• Two main groups, based on morphology of basidia.
• Basidia are unicellular, non-septate wood decay
  fungi
• Order Aphyllophorales (aka Polyporales) the
  bracket fungi
• Hymenium lines small pores on underside of
  sporophore
• Important genera Polyporus, Fomes
• Order Agaricales the mushrooms
• Hymenium lines gills (lamellae)
• Important genera Armillaria, Agaricus

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Aphyllophorales
Agaricales
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Phylum Basidiomycota - "Basidiomycetes"

• septate hyphae, often with clamp connections
  present
• multicellular sporocarp called the basidioma or
  basidiocarp is common
• sexual spores (basidiospores) produced over a
  hymenium on the surface of club-shaped structures
  (basidium) at the tip of sterigma (pl.
  sterigmata)
• some groups have a HOLOBASIDIUM (a single-celled
  basidium), while others possess a PHRAGMOBASIDIUM
  (a basidium that is divided into more than one
  cell by transverse or longitudinal setpa. 
• very diverse groups (from some types of yeasts,
  to rust and smut fungi, gilled-mushrooms,
  puffballs, polypores, etc.)
• Spore discharge - see http//www.anbg.gov.au/fungi
  /spore-discharge-mushrooms.html
• Some of the following information and figures are
  from
• http//www.uleth.ca/bio/bio1020/images/copb2.jpg
• http//www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Terms/basid133
  .html
• http//www.paddenstoel.nl/html/basidien.html
• http//entoplp.okstate.edu/classes/plp3344/lecture
  14.pdf
• http//www.scnresearch.info/April2011202006.ppt

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The formation of a clamp connection and
maintenance of the dikaryon in a basidiomycete
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Hymenium, Basidia,and Basidiospores
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TWO BASIDUM TYPES
PHRAGOMOBASIDIA
HOLOBASIDIA
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OTHER EXAMPLES OF HOLOBASIDIA AND PHRAGMOBASIDIA
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Basidiomycetes

• 5. Three types of hyphae
• Primary hyphae develops from a germinating
  basidiospore. Nuclear status n
• Secondary hypha results from fusion of two
  primary hyphae. Yields a nn cell that continues
  to grow as a nn hyphae
• Tertiary hypha exactly the same as secondary
  hypha. nn However it has thick walls that enable
  production of fleshy and wood sporophores

Primary hyphae
Primary hyphae
Secondary hyphae
Tertiary hyphae
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Phylum Basidiomycota Three major classes

• Class Uredinoiomycetes
• Order Uredinales - The Rusts
• Class Ustomycetes - The Smuts
• Order Ustilaginales
• Class Basidiomycetes
• Order Tremellales- jelly fungi Tremella
  mesenterica - witch's butter
• Order Auriculariales - fungus ears Auricularia
  auricula - wood ear
• Order Aphyllophorales - chanterelles, tooth
  fungi, polypores, coral fungi.
• Order Agaricales - the boletes, gilled mushrooms
  - inky caps, oyster mushrooms, etc.
• The following orders were formerly placed in the
  FORM CLASS Gasteromycetes or "stomach fungi".
• Order Phallales - stinkhorns
• Order Lycoperdales- puffballs and earth stars
• Order Tulostomatales- stalked puffballs
• Order Sclerodermatales - earth balls
• Order Nidulariales - bird's nest fungi and sphere
  throwers
• OTHER ORDERS INCLUDED IN THE CLASS BASIDIOMYCETES
  BUT NOT COVERED IN CLASS
• Orders Septobasidiales, Brachybasidiales,
  Dacrymycetales, Tulasnellales, Melanogastrales,
  and Gauieriales.

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RUST AND SMUT FUNGI

• Teliomycetes (old name) or
• Class Uredinoiomycetes
• Order Uredinales - The Rusts
• Class Ustomycetes - The Smuts
• Order Ustilaginales  
• Uredinales (rusts)
• Ustilaginales (smuts)

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The Rusts

• These are obligate parasites. Generally these
  require two host to complete their lifecycle.
• Primary hosts the host on which basidia and
  basidiospores are produced.
• Alternate host the other host in the life cycle
  on which spermagonia and aecia are produced
• Alternative host the host that a pathogen can
  infect in place of the primary or alternate
  hosts.
• Heteroecious organisms with a primary and
  alternate host.
• Autoecious organisms that have only a single
  (primary) host.
• Macrocyclic rust long cycle rust. Produce all
  5 spore types.
• Demicyclic rust medium cycle rust. Omits
  uredia.
• Microcyclic rust short cycle rusts. Produces
  basidiospores, teliospores and spermatia.

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Order Uredinales
Order Ustilaginales
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The Rusts

• Stem Rust of Wheat caused by Puccinia graminis
• Reduces yield and quality of grain fungus causes
  lesions or pustules on wheat stems.
• Management - remove alternate host (i.e.,
  barberry) use resistant cultivars of wheat
• Cedar-Apple Rust caused by Gymnosporangium
  juniperi-virginianae
• Apples become deformed and ugly fruit size
  reduced due to damage to foliage
• Management - removal of cedar trees, which serves
  as the alternate host spray apple trees with
  fungicides, and use rust-resistant apple trees

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Wheat stem rust
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Cedar apple rust is caused by Gymnosporangium
juniperi-virginianum lacks the uredia stage
no repeating stage
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The Smuts

• Corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis
• Galls develop on male and female (ear)
  inflorescences.
• No major methods of control recommended tends to
  be a chronic but relatively insignificant
  disease.
• Loose smut of cereals by Ustilago avenae, U.
  nuda, and U. tritici
• Flowering parts of plants develop spore-filled
  galls (teliospores)
• infected seed treated with fungicides before
  planting use of certified smut-free seeds and
  systemic fungicides hot-water treatment of seed
  to kill fungus.

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Corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis
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Loose smut of cereals
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Comparison of Rust Smut Fungi
Uredinales (rusts) Ustilaginales (smuts)
1. Teliospores terminal.  1. Teliospores intercalary.
2. Basidiospores 4, discharged from sterigmata. 2. Basidiospores variable in number, not on sterigmata, not discharged.
3. Spermagonia produce dikaryotic stage. 3. No spermagonia dikaryotic stage. stage arises from fusion of any two compatible cells.
4. Clamp connections absent. 4. Clamp connections common.
5. Many species require two hosts for complete life cycle. 5. Never requires two hosts. 
6. Most species unculturable on artificial media. 6. Most species readily culturable.
7. Infections usually localized.  7. Infections usually systemic.
8. Teliospores in telial sori, usually on stems or leaves. 8. Teliospores replace host host organs, usually ovaries and anthers.
9. Attack ferns, gymnosperms, or angiosperms.  9. Attack only angiosperms.
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Class Basidiomycetes

• Order Tremellales- jelly fungi Tremella
  mesenterica - witch's butter
• Order Auriculariales - fungus ears Auricularia
  auricula - wood ear
• Order Aphyllophorales - chanterelles, tooth
  fungi, polypores, coral fungi.
• Order Agaricales - the boletes, gilled mushrooms
  - inky caps, oyster mushrooms, etc.
• The following orders were formerly placed in the
  FORM CLASS Gasteromycetes or "stomach fungi".
• Order Phallales - stinkhorns
• Order Lycoperdales- puffballs and earth stars
• Order Tulostomatales- stalked puffballs
• Order Sclerodermatales - earth balls
• Order Nidulariales - bird's nest fungi and sphere
  throwers
• OTHER ORDERS INCLUDED IN THE CLASS BASIDIOMYCETES
  BUT NOT COVERED IN CLASS
• Orders Septobasidiales, Brachybasidiales,
  Dacrymycetales, Tulasnellales, Melanogastrales,
  and Gauieriales.

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Order Tremellales - jelly fungi
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Order Auriculariales - fungus ears
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Order Aphyllophorales
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Order Agaricales
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Order Phallales the stinkhorns
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Order Lycoperdales puffballs and earthstars
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Order Tulostomatales- stalked puffballs
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Order Sclerodermatales earth balls
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Order Nidulariales - bird's nest fungi and sphere
throwers
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Mycophagy - To eat or not to eat? 

• MYCOPHAGY - (Gr. mykes mushroom phagein to
  eat) is a practice that dates back to antiquity. 
  
• Edible mushrooms are good sources of protein (by
  dry weight), indigestible "fiber" (due to
  presence of chitin), some potential medicinal
  compounds, and add diversity to our omnivorous
  diet (e.g., true morels, oyster mushrooms, button
  mushrooms, shiitake). 
• Mushrooms include the sporocarps of certain
  members of the Phylum Ascomycota and
  Basidiomycota.